Nonleaky optical waveguides in KNbO3 by ultralow dose MeV He ion implantation

Strohkendl, F. P.; Fluck, D.; Günter, Peter; Irmscher, R.; Buchal, Ch.

doi:10.1063/1.105724

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Possible candidates are CaCO 3 , KTP, BBO, LBO, KDP, or KNbO 3 and in the latter material such effects may be seen, although ''ultra low doses'' are required as the material damages more readily than LiNbO 3 . 1,11,12 The inherent presence of a mode gap, for many of these materials, in which light can only propagate over a limited angular range in a planar waveguide, opens the possibility of designing and engineering new types of surface waveguide devices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode gaps in the refractive index properties of low-dose ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides

Rams

Olivares

Chandler³

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physics

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Exciton polaritons in semiconductor waveguides Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 012109 (2013) Photonic microdisk resonators in aluminum nitride J. Appl. Phys. 113, 016101 (2013) Electrically controlled absorption in a slab waveguide formed by the implantation of protons in a potassium lithium tantalate niobate substrate Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 261101 (2012) μ-Raman spectroscopy characterization of LiNbO3 femtosecond laser written waveguides J. Appl. Phys. 112, 123108 (2012) Additional information on J. Appl. Phys. Data are presented for the refractive index profiles for low-dose He ϩ ion-implanted LiNbO 3 waveguides. In the nuclear stopping region, the extraordinary index is increased for low ion doses, by contrast with index reduction normally associated with ion-implanted waveguiding structures. The index increase was confirmed by fabricating a buried waveguide for the extraordinary index by use of multi-energy implants. For single-energy implants, data are shown which map the extraordinary index at the surface together with that in the nuclear collision zone, as a function of angle relative to the z axis of light propagation in surface waveguides for X and Y cut LiNbO 3 . These indices cross over near 45°, which results in a mode gap for which waveguide modes are not supported. A mechanism for this behavior is discussed based on defect-induced lattice relaxation. The phenomenon of a controlled mode gap may have applicability for optoelectronic and nonlinear materials and devices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode gaps in the refractive index properties of low-dose ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides

Rams

Olivares

Chandler³

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…In this latter case, implantation in crystalline materials leads to a decrease in the refractive index of the affected areas, although, there are a limited number of papers in the literature reporting on positive index changes in LiNbO 3 [316], KNbO 3 [317], and YAG:Nd 3+ [318] crystals. If the net result of implantation is a decrease in the refractive index, the strategy followed to produce waveguides is to create buried layers of reduced refractive index that surround and define the waveguiding area within the bulk crystal by acting as optical barriers.…”

Section: Ion/proton Beam Implantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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“…Practical use of such structures directly depends on the measurement of this parameter. Several techniques have been used for losses measurement among which the end-fire coupling [54], the prism coupling methods [55], and a new approach that uses a prism-in coupling method to feed the light into the waveguide and the end-fire coupling to measure the transmitted light [56].…”

Section: Optical Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

AZO Thin Films by Sol-Gel Process for Integrated Optics

et al. 2013

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Undoped and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films are prepared by the sol-gel process. Zinc acetate dihydrate, ethanol, and monoethanolamine are used as precursor, solvent, and stabilizer, respectively. In the case of AZO, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate is added to the precursor solution with an atomic percentage equal to 1 and 2 at.% Al. The multi thin layers are deposited by spin-coating onto glass substrates, and are transformed into ZnO upon annealing at 550 °C. Films display a strong preferential orientation, with high values for the Texture Coefficients (TC) of the (002) direction (TC (002) ≈ 3). The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the thin films as a function of aluminum content have been investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Waveguiding properties of the thin films have been also studied using m-lines spectroscopy. The results indicate that the films are monomodes at 632.8 nm with optical propagation optical losses estimated around 1.6 decibel per cm (dB/cm).

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Nonleaky optical waveguides in KNbO3 by ultralow dose MeV He ion implantation

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Mode gaps in the refractive index properties of low-dose ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides

Mode gaps in the refractive index properties of low-dose ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

AZO Thin Films by Sol-Gel Process for Integrated Optics

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