Noninvasive Uric acid Monitoring Device using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Anti‐Cancer Therapies of 21st Century: Novel Approach to Treat Human Cancers Using Cold Atmospheric Plasma

“…Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) produced by specific devices (jets or dielectric barrier discharges) has just recently been emerging as anti-cancer therapeutic agent given its pro-apoptotic activities. [7][8][9][10][11] Different from the conventional anti-cancer therapy, CAP shows selective killing on cancer cells. CAP (non-thermal plasma) originated from the variety of devices was reported to target multiple cancer cell functions in vitro including: cell detachment and cell loss, inhibition of cell growth, cell migration and invasiveness, clonogenicity, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence in cancer cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, downregulation of integrins, DNA damage, and modulation of ATM/p53 pathway, as has been recently reviewed by Schlegel et al, [12] as well as by Barekzi and Laroussi.…”

“…[13] Some pronounced in vivo effects of CAP exposure have also been reported showing inhibition of tumor growth, decrease in cell proliferation, induction of cell death, and the reduction in tumor size, as reviewed elsewhere. [12,13] CAP targets various cancer cells in vitro (Table 1) and in vivo ( Table 2) including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, cervical cancer, colon carcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, human and mouse lung cancers (non-small cell lung cancer and squamous carcinoma), ovarian epithelial cancers, glioblastoma and glioma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neuroblastoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, papilloma, skin cancer, oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas, and prostate cancer cells [7][8][9][10][11][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] CAP treatment was also found to significantly reduce tumor cells clonogenicity supporting its anti-cancer effect. [19] Current breast cancer treatment options, such as surgery and radiotherapy contain severe limitations with regards to nonselective and incomplete tumor ablation.…”

“…[32] Thus, improvement of oxygenation and perfusion opens a new opportunity for tumor treatments using CAP exposure in combination with radiotherapy. [32] Further development of custom-designed CAP sources for application of CAP during surgery, including a new developed endoscopic device, [11,31,33] will open the way for advanced medical applications.…”

“…The intracellular ROS levels were shown to increase after CAP treatment, thereby inducing DNA damage and apoptosis in the target cells. [8,10,11,14,31,39,40] Since the levels of ROS in cancer cells are close to the limit at which cell death occurs and is much higher than in normal cells, [40] the anti-cancer therapeutic use of ROS has been explored to find the ''threshold'' between levels of ROS in normal cells and cancer cells, which allows to maintain the ''CAP selectivity'' toward tumor cells. Actually, when the dose of CAP was adequately large, even the normal cells would be noticeably harmed after CAP treatment.…”

“…A better understanding of biological pathways/ mechanisms of CAP-mediated apoptosis, as well as its selectivity, will facilitate the introduction of this modality as an additional resource in our anti-cancer treatment arsenal. [9,72]…”