Nonfruiting Hermaphroditic Flowers as Reserve Ovaries in Solanum carolinense

Wise, Michael J.; Cummins, Jeremiah J.

doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0236:nhfaro]2.0.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Horsenettle spreads both vegetatively through perennial lateral roots and sexually (Ilnicki et al ., 1962). Its flowers are borne on racemes that average about eight flowers each, and the flowers mature sequentially from the base to the tip of a raceme (Wise & Cummins, 2002). The number of flowers per plant is variable; one horsenettle ramet may contain from none to over a dozen racemes.…”

Section: Study Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary ecology of resistance to herbivory: an investigation of potential genetic constraints in the multiple‐herbivore community of Solanum carolinense

Wise

2007

New Phytologist

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Summary• As part of a study of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of herbivore resistance in Solanum carolinense (horsenettle), potential genetic constraints to the evolution of resistance to 11 of its most common herbivores were investigated.• Leaf, flower, fruit, and stem herbivory were measured in a field experiment involving 24 ramets of each of 40 horsenettle genets.• The experimental plant population contained significant genetic variation for resistance to all 11 species of herbivore. For only one species was there an indication of a genotype-by-environment interaction in the expression of resistance that might constrain its evolution. Genetic correlations in resistance to different species were common but not universal, with seven negative and 12 positive correlations out of the 55 pairwise species comparisons. Correlations were independent of plant part fed upon.• The evolution of the resistance of horsenettle to most of its diverse community of herbivores does not appear to be prevented by a lack of genetic variation or by genotype-by-environment interactions in resistance. Negative genetic correlations in resistance to different herbivores may play a small role in slowing the evolution of resistance, but positive correlations may play at least as large a role in facilitating its evolution.

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Section: Study Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary ecology of resistance to herbivory: an investigation of potential genetic constraints in the multiple‐herbivore community of Solanum carolinense

Wise

2007

New Phytologist

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“…destroy primary reproductive tissues, such as anthers, pistils, or ovaries, thus directly reducing gamete number (Kirk 1987;Maron et al 2002;Wise and Cummins 2002;AlthoV et al 2005). Alternatively, Xorivores can damage accessory reproductive tissues, such as petals, sepals or bracts, thereby causing reductions in reproductive success either indirectly through decreased pollinator visitation or directly as a result of the physiological costs of damage (Karban and Strauss 1993;Krupnick and Weis 1999;Adler 2000).…”

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Florivory affects pollinator visitation and female fitness in Nemophila menziesii

McCall

2008

Oecologia

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While herbivory has traditionally been studied as damage to leaves, florivory - herbivory to flowers prior to seed set - can also have large effects on plant fitness. Florivory can decrease fitness directly, either through the destruction of gametes or through alterations to plant physiology during fruit set, and can also change the appearance of a flower, deterring pollinators and reducing seed set. In order to distinguish between these hypotheses, it is necessary to both damage flowers and add pollen in excess to study the effects of damage on pollen limitation. Very few studies have used this technique over the lifetime of a plant. Here I describe a series of experiments showing the effects of natural and artificial damage on reproductive success in the annual plant Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae, sensu lato). I show that natural and artificial petal damage decreased radial symmetry relative to controls and that both types of damage deterred pollinator activity. Both naturally damaged flowers and artificially damaged flowers in the field set fewer fruit or seed relative to undamaged control flowers. Finally, in an experiment crossing artificial petal damage with pollen addition, petal damage alone over the lifetime of this plant decreased female fitness, but only after a threshold of damage was reached. The fitness effect appeared to be direct because there was no detectable effect of pollen addition on the relationship between florivory and fitness. This result implies that both damaged and undamaged plants show similar amounts of pollen limitation and suggests that pollinator-mediated effects contributed little to the negative effects of florivory on female fitness. Florivores may thus be an under-appreciated agent of selection in certain plants, although more experimental manipulation of florivory is needed to determine if it is important over a range of taxa.

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“…We found large numbers of floral buds with destroyed reproductive structures (ovary, pistil and staminoids), due to the presence of insect larvae. Numerous studies have demonstrated that flower herbivory can have a direct and immediate impact on plant attractiveness when florivores destroy primary reproductive tissues such as anthers, pistils, or ovaries (Kirk 1987, Maron et al 2002, Wise & Cummins 2002, Althoff et al 2005. Future studies should evaluate the impact of florivory on A. bijuga female reproductive success.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollination and breeding system in Adesmia bijuga Phil. (Fabaceae), a critically endangered species in Central Chile

Lillo

González

2012

Gayana Bot.

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A. bijuga showed a mixed mating system that involves both cross-and self-pollination. The fruit set ranges from 20% to 60% in the absence or presence of pollinators, respectively. This selfing ability would provide reproductive assurance when pollinators fail. The taxon showed ability of asexual formation of seeds without the occurrence of fertilization by agamospermy. Supplemental outcross pollen did not increase female reproductive success, suggesting that the species is not pollen limited. All these factors may help to explain how this species has been able to survive over time in a small and isolated population. Finally, this work discusses how the results of our study can be applied to future A. bijuga conservation measures. KEYWORDS:Critically endangered species, Adesmia bijuga, pollination, breeding system, visitation rate. RESUMENAdesmia bijuga Phil. es una especie arbustiva endémica de Chile central, clasificada como especie en peligro crítico. Después de más de 100 años desde su descripción original por R.A. Philippi (1884), la especie fue redescubierta exclusivamente en dos localidades de la Región del Maule. Una de ellas, en el Fundo San Pedro-Las Cañas, se encuentra cercana a la extinción, en un hábitat perturbado debido a plantaciones de Pinus radiata. Este estudio examinó la biología de la polinización y el sistema reproductivo de A.bijuga, que podrían explicar su restringido número de plantas. Se estimó la composición de polinizadores atraídos por las flores y la tasa de visita. Con el objetivo de caracterizar el sistema reproductivo en A. bijuga se realizaron tratamientos manipulativos para cuantificar la capacidad de autofertilización, el nivel de aseguramiento reproductivo y la limitación de polen. Los resultados de este estudio indican que A. bijuga es visitada solamente por polinizadores que pertenecen al orden himenóptera. El ensamble de polinizadores no varió temporalmente durante el periodo de floración, siendo Bombus dahlbomii el visitador más frecuente. A. bijuga presentó un sistema reproductivo mixto, con polinización cruzada y autopolinización. El rango de fructificación varió entre 20% a 60% en ausencia y presencia de polinizadores, respectivamente. Esta capacidad de autopolinización podría proveer de aseguramiento reproductivo cuando los polinizadores fallan. Tratamientos con suplemento de polen no incrementaron el éxito reproductivo, sugiriendo que la especie no se encuentra limitada de polen. El taxon mostró capacidad de formar semillas asexualmente sin la ocurrencia de fertilización (agamospermia). Todos estos factores podrían ayudar a explicar cómo esta especie es capaz de persistir en el tiempo en una población pequeña y aislada. Finalmente, este trabajo discute cómo los resultados de este estudio pueden ser aplicados en futuras medidas para la conservación de A. bijuga. PALABRAS CLAVE:Especie en peligro crítico, Adesmia bijuga, polinización, sistema reproductivo, tasa de visita.Gayana Bot. 69(2): 286-295, 2012 ISSN 0016-5301 287 Pollination and breeding system in Adesmia b...

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Nonfruiting Hermaphroditic Flowers as Reserve Ovaries in Solanum carolinense

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Evolutionary ecology of resistance to herbivory: an investigation of potential genetic constraints in the multiple‐herbivore community of Solanum carolinense

Evolutionary ecology of resistance to herbivory: an investigation of potential genetic constraints in the multiple‐herbivore community of Solanum carolinense

Florivory affects pollinator visitation and female fitness in Nemophila menziesii

Pollination and breeding system in Adesmia bijuga Phil. (Fabaceae), a critically endangered species in Central Chile

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