Nonequilibrium radiation during re-entry at 10 km/s

Bird, G. A.

doi:10.2514/6.1987-1543

Cited by 84 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The measured reaction rates from the endothermic and exothermic charge exchange reactions corresponding to N2 + N + → N2 + + N are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively, compared to values from the literature [10,11,16,17]. Again, the spread in the reported Arrhenius curves is quite large, but the sampled DSMC reaction rates are in good comparison with the reported values.…”

Section: Endothermic and Exothermic Charge Exchangesupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The electron impact ionization reaction rates of N and N2 are presented in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively, compared to values from the literature [4,10,[12][13][14][15][16]. As with the associative ionization data, there is a wide spread (almost three orders of magnitude) in the available reaction rate curves for the ionization of N, but the sampled DSMC data goes through the middle of the scatter.…”

Section: Ionizationmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The associative ionization reaction of N + O has the lowest energy threshold, however the associative ionization of N + N and O + O are also very important mechanisms in the current application. The sampled DSMC reaction rates of these reactions are compared to measured rates from the literature [4,[9][10][11] in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, respectively.…”

Section: Associative Ionizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extension of a Kinetic-Theory Approach for Computing Chemical-Reaction Rates to Reactions with Charged Particles

Liechty¹,

Lewis²

2011

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract.Recently introduced molecular-level chemistry models that predict equilibrium and nonequilibrium reaction rates using only kinetic theory and fundamental molecular properties (i.e., no macroscopic reaction rate information) are extended to include reactions involving charged particles and electronic energy levels. The proposed extensions include ionization reactions, exothermic associative ionization reactions, endothermic and exothermic charge exchange reactions, and other exchange reactions involving ionized species. The extensions are shown to agree favorably with the measured Arrhenius rates for near-equilibrium conditions.

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Section: Endothermic and Exothermic Charge Exchangesupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Ionizationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Associative Ionizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extension of a Kinetic-Theory Approach for Computing Chemical-Reaction Rates to Reactions with Charged Particles

Liechty¹,

Lewis²

2011

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…The absorbed radiative flux refers to the component that is absorbed by the beryllium calorimeter over the entire spectrum. The spectral absorptance of beryllium is reported by 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 . Table 2 lists those studies published since 1984, which are the most relevant to modern studies.…”

Section: Review Of Past Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While Figure 13 implied the importance of the VUV radiation component by showing that it was required to achieve a good comparison between the calorimeter data and predictions, a stronger conclusion may be made regarding the VUV radiation if the comparison between the radiometer data and predictions are included in the discussion. Table 5 achieves this by converting the intensity (between 0 and 6 eV) measured by radiometer (I w,meas (0-6)) to the radiative flux absorbed by the calorimeter between 0 and 6 eV (αq -r,inferred (0-6)), which is then subtracted along with the predicted convective heating from the actual calorimeter measurement q total,meas , resulting in the radiative flux absorbed by the calorimeter between 6 and 18 eV (αq -r,inferred (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)). The subscript "inferred" is used to indicate that the value is a result of the actual calorimeter and radiometer data, along with the predicted convective heating and the ratio between the predicted αq r -(0-6) and I w (0-6) values, labeled β in the table.…”

Section: Coupled Radiative Heating For Fire IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium Stagnation-Line Radiative Heating for Fire II

Johnston

Hollis

Sutton

2008

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets

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This paper presents a detailed analysis of the shock-layer radiative heating to the Fire II vehicle using a new air radiation model and a viscous shock-layer flowfield model. This new air radiation model contains the most up-to-date properties for modeling the atomic-line, atomic photoionization, molecular band, and non-Boltzmann processes. The applied viscous shock-layer flowfield analysis contains the same thermophysical properties and nonequilibrium models as the LAURA Navier-Stokes code. Radiation-flowfield coupling, or radiation cooling, is accounted for in detail in this study. It is shown to reduce the radiative heating by about 30% for the peak radiative heating points, while reducing the convective heating only slightly. A detailed review of past Fire II radiative heating studies is presented. It is observed that the scatter in the radiation predicted by these past studies is mostly a result of the different flowfield chemistry models and the treatment of the electronic state populations. The present predictions provide, on average throughout the trajectory, a better comparison with Fire II flight data than any previous study. The magnitude of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) contribution to the radiative flux is estimated from the calorimeter measurements. This is achieved using the radiometer measurements and the predicted convective heating. The VUV radiation predicted by the present model agrees well with the VUV contribution inferred from the Fire II calorimeter measurement, although only when radiation-flowfield coupling is accounted for. This agreement provides evidence that the present model accurately models the VUV radiation, which is shown to contribute significantly to the Fire II radiative heating. ν / c VUV = vacuum ultraviolet; refers to the spectral region above 6 eV Nomenclature

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