Nondestructive Measurement of Sugar Content in Apples by Millimeter-Wave Reflectometry

Oda, Makoto; Mase, A.; Uchino, Kenji

doi:10.1007/s10762-011-9863-9

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Therefore, the linear polarized wave can be found from (17) ± (18) and then divided by 2. Note that receiving the transmitted RHCP wave by a RHCP antenna corresponds to measuring S 11 whereas receiving by LHCP antenna corresponds to measuring S 21 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of the free space techniques widely employed in the past, the sole magnitude measurement technique is less complex and thus inexpensive; nevertheless, it requires transmission measurement [17]. In addition, the use of millimeter wave reflectometer [18] is one of the attractive solutions. Fruit testing nevertheless must be carried out by measuring through the peel nondestructively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dielectric Properties Determination of a Stratified Medium

Yoiyod¹,

Krairiksh²

2015

RADIOENGINEERING

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The method of detection of variation in dielectric properties of a material covered with another material, which requires nondestructive measurement, has numerous applications and the accurate measurement system is desirable. This paper presents a dielectric properties determination technique whereby the dielectric constant and loss factor are extracted from the measured reflection coefficient. The high frequency reflection coefficient shows the effect of the upper layer, while the dielectric properties of the lower layer can be determined at the lower frequency. The proposed technique is illustrated in 1-11 GHz band using 5 mm-thick water and 5% saline solution. The fluctuation of the dielectric properties between the high frequency and the low frequency, results from the edge diffraction in the material and the multiple reflections at the boundary of the two media, are invalid results. With the proposed technique, the dielectric properties of the lower layer can be accurately determined. The system is validated by measurement and good agreement is obtained at the frequency below 3.5 GHz. It can be applied for justifying variation of the material in the lower layer which is important in industrial process.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric Properties Determination of a Stratified Medium

Yoiyod¹,

Krairiksh²

2015

RADIOENGINEERING

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“…Authors in [15] proposed to measure banana sugar content using ultrasound velocity, and similar to other approaches, such techniques require new dedicated hardware devices which are not readily available to consumers. Authors in [41] used mmWave signals to estimate sugar content in apples. However, the focus there is on a different mmWave frequency (40 GHz).…”

Section: Fruit Quality Assessment Using Electromagnetic Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, our work uses 60 GHz frequency which is also an ISM frequency band. Also, compared to [41], we provide regression models that use RSS and can be readily deployed on consumer's smartphone equipped with off-the-shelf 60 GHz radios.…”

Section: Fruit Quality Assessment Using Electromagnetic Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the feasibility of estimating soluble sugar content using millimeter-wave

Yang

Pathak

Sha

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation

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With the development of novel sensing techniques, continuous monitoring, data-driven inferences, precision irrigation control, and intelligent Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, agriculture sector is witnessing a revolution. Specialized devices based on infrared and laser are developed to assist farmers in assessing the produce quality, especially its sugar content. However, such devices are expensive and not readily available to consumers. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) signal as a ubiquitous and non-invasive way to estimate the Soluble Sugar Content (SSC) in fruits. With the rapid development in the mmWave technology, 60 GHz WiFi is likely to become pervasive in future mobile devices. Our study shows that when 60 GHz WiFi signals reflect from a fruit, the reflection can be used to infer the fruit's sugar content. We identify the underlying reasons of variations in reflection signals with varying SSC and study the impact of size, shape and density of fruits on reflections. We then develop statistical features based on received signal strength and amplitude, and use them to design regression-based estimation models. With an extensive evaluation with 300 fruit samples, we find that our proposed technique can estimate SSC in three different type of fruits with an average correlation coefficient of 85%. Our prediction errors are within the range of user's taste perception.

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“…It was useful for logistics and supply chain management. The sugar content of apples can be estimated with a millimeter-wave reflectometer [5]. The estimated results from a reflectometer calibrated by an artificial neural network were entirely accurate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%