Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood: Second Edition

Ross, Robert

doi:10.2737/fpl-gtr-238

Cited by 72 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The development of new products utilizing hardwood thinnings requires knowledge of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials. Non-destructive testing techniques are commonly used for estimation of wood properties in forest, sawmill, and existing structures (Ross 2015). Nondestructive testing can be divided in global techniques (ultrasound waves, stress waves, and resonance) and local techniques (probing, coring, and drilling).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Llana

Short

Harte

2020

Annals of Forest Science

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& Key message Mechanical properties of small-diameter round timber from hardwood thinnings of common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), European birch (Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) can be evaluated by non-destructive testing on either standing trees or green logs without wood density determination. Velocity differences between acoustic and resonance methods are influenced by tree species and age. Tree diameter improves the estimation of bending strength but not of stiffness. & Context There is a need for a reliable, fast, and inexpensive evaluation method to better sort hardwood thinnings according to mechanical properties for use in potential added-value applications. & Aims The estimation by non-destructive testing of mechanical properties of round small-diameter timber of four hardwood species (common alder, European ash, European birch, and sycamore). & Methods Acoustic velocity was measured in 38 standing trees and resonance velocity was recorded in green logs from these trees. The logs were then dried and tested in bending. Estimation models to predict mechanical properties from non-destructive testing measurements were developed. & Results Large differences between velocities from acoustic and resonance techniques were found. Models based on both nondestructive testing velocities together with a species factor are well correlated with bending modulus of elasticity while models including tree diameter are moderately well correlated with bending strength. Inclusion of density in the models does not improve the estimation. & Conclusion Models based on acoustic measurements on standing trees or resonance on green logs together with tree species and diameter provide reliable estimates of mechanical properties of round timber from hardwood thinnings. This methodology can be easily used for pre-sorting material in the forest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Llana

Short

Harte

2020

Annals of Forest Science

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“…The latter two categories are procedures that determine the properties of the wood without causing major damage to the material. The probing method is a nondestructive approach that is used to estimate wood density (González et al 2015;Ross 2015;Llana et al 2018a;Schimleck et al 2019;Martínez et al 2020), which is an important characteristic for determining the quality of wood and especially for defining wood strength. According to Carballo et al (2009), the most frequent probing method used to estimate wood density is needle penetration resistance, which is commonly performed with a Pilodyn instrument (Proceq, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland); indeed, this has become a common probing technique in several countries (Schimleck et al 2019;Llana et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species

Karlinasari

Fredisa

Adzkia

et al. 2021

BioRes

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The pin-penetration device is a minimally destructive instrument that is widely used to estimate the physical properties of wood, e.g., density, with advantages such as reduced testing times, low costs, and fewer defects induced in the wood being tested. In this study, such a device was used on 25 Indonesian hardwood species with a strength class (SC) distribution from SC II to IV (according to the Indonesian classification of wood SCs). Tests were conducted on three different orthogonal planes, i.e., cross-sectional, radial, and tangential planes. The wood density ranged from 0.28 to 0.88 g/cm3, and the specific gravity was 0.25 to 0.76. The cross-sectional plane penetration depth of the wood was significantly greater than that of either the radial or tangential plane, whereas the pin penetration values of the radial and tangential planes were not significantly different. A prediction model for predicting the density and specific gravity of wood via pin penetration showed a significant regression. Thus, the use of a pin-penetration device was found to be suitable for estimating wood density and specific gravity in a range of SCs of tropical wood species regardless of species.

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“…The detection of the tree density can be realized using this stress wave technique. However, this detection equipment has relatively low detection accuracy, and it can only identify the rot and holes present in the tree, but not the annual rings or other small density changes [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Test of a Microdestructive Tree-Ring Measurement System

Zheng

Liang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Analysis of a tree ring is the primary method for determining the growth and age of a tree. In a microdestructive tree-ring measurement system, the tree under test is drilled with a microdrill at a constant rotating speed to detect the difference in density between the early and late wood, thereby realizing a microdestructive measurement of the tree-ring. The measurement system comprises a microdrill with a diameter of 3 mm, mechanical transmission, direct current (DC) servomotor, stepper motor, and control and detection circuit. The DC servomotor and stepper motor realize rotation and translation of the microdrill, respectively, through mechanical transmission. When the microdrill rotates and drills into the tree, the control and detection circuit samples and acquires the armature current of the DC servomotor, which is proportional to the resistance encountered by the drill bit and reflects the change in the density of the tree. The tree-ring number can be obtained by filtering the sampled original signals of the armature current using a finite impulse response (FIR) filtering algorithm. The annual rings of larch and fir tree discs were measured and tested using the designed system. It was observed that the average annual ring measurement accuracy of the larch discs reached 95.28%, while that of the fir discs was 84.16%. The diameter of the drill hole in the trunk was less than 3 mm after measuring the living wood, thereby achieving a microdestructive measurement of the tree-ring.

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Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood: Second Edition

Cited by 72 publications

References 31 publications

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Use of non-destructive test methods on Irish hardwood standing trees and small-diameter round timber for prediction of mechanical properties

Use of a pin-penetration wood density meter to determine the density of 25 Indonesian species

Design and Test of a Microdestructive Tree-Ring Measurement System

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