Noncovalent Labeling of Biomolecules with Red and Near- Infrared Dyes

Abstract

Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids can be labeled with a fluorescent marker to allow for their detection. Covalent labeling is achieved by the reaction of an appropriately functionalized dye marker with a reactive group on a biomolecule. The recent trend, however, is the use of noncovalent labeling that results from strong hydrophobic and/or ionic interactions between the marker and biomolecule of interest. The main advantage of noncovalent labeling is that it affects the functional activity of the biomolecule to a lesser extent. The applications of luminescent cyanine and squarylium dyes are reviewed.

Crosslinking of viral nanoparticles with “clickable” fluorescent crosslinkers at the interface

“…Cyanine dyes are one of the most common fluorescent compounds that have been applied in a variety of applications due to their facile synthesis, relative stabilities, high polarity, high molar extinction coefficients and broad wavelength range of fluorescence emission [36][37][38][39][40]. In our previous publications we have demonstrated the synthesis of novel cyanine and hemicyanine dyes [39], and their application in selectively modifying viruses [41].…”

Synthesis and potential use of 1,8-naphthalimide type 1O2 sensor molecules

“…1,2 Detection based upon fluorescence has received much attention and significant progress has been made both in fluorescence instrumentation and in the synthesis of novel fluorophores. 3,4 Fluorophores combined with nitroxide free radicals or their precursors offer more advanced application than simple fluorophores.…”

Microwave synthesis and fluorescence properties of homo- and heterodimeric monomethine cyanine dyes TOTO and their precursors

“…Bis-intercalating TOTO-1 dyes have a weak fluorescence in the free state, but they sharply (more than 1000 times) increase fluorescence due to binding with DNA (4) and, therefore, they are widely used in biological, medical and drug development areas as fluorescent labels and probes (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). They found also applications in genetic studies and modern diagnostic methods (1)(2)(3), for examples, in the case of the polymerase chain reaction for cancer diagnostics at early stages of the disease; for diagnostics of infection diseases (1)(2)(3)(4), including AIDS; for the identification of DNA samples in criminal law (16,17); flow cytometry (18), DNA sequencing (19,20) and quantification of nucleic acids in capillary and gel electrophoresis (21)(22)(23). Besides, they are commonly applied to lasers (24), electronics (25), nonlinear optics (26) and solar cells (27).…”