Non-tropical carbonate deposits on the modern New Zealand shelf

Nelson, Campbell S.; Keane, Sandra L.; Head, Philip S.

doi:10.1016/0037-0738(88)90111-x

Cited by 202 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Generally, the region of tropical carbonate sedimentation is separated from extra-tropical regions of carbonate formation by the 20°C winter isotherm (e.g., Betzler et al 1997); however, the distribution of modern coral reefs is constrained by winter minimum temperatures above 18°C (Newell 1971;Belasky 1996). In the 1980s, numerous studies have dealt with modern extra-tropical carbonates, in particular in the southern hemisphere (Nelson et al 1988;James and Bone 1989;James et al 1992;James 1997). During the 1990s, numerous studies focused on carbonate settings of polar regions (Henrich et al 1992(Henrich et al , 1997Andruleit et al 1996;Freiwald 1998;Rao et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterozoan carbonates in subtropical to tropical settings in the present and past

Westphal

Halfar

Freiwald

2010

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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Water temperature has received considerable attention as steering factor for the genesis of different types of marine carbonate sediments. However, parameters other than temperature also strongly influence ecosystems and, consequently, the carbonate grain associations in the resulting carbonate rock. Among those factors are biological evolution, water energy, substrate, water chemistry, light penetration, trophic conditions, CO 2 concentrations, and Mg/Ca ratios in the seawater. Increased nutrient levels in warm-water settings, for example, lead to heterotrophicdominated associations that are characteristic of temperate to cool-water carbonates. Failure to recognize the influence of such environmental factors that shift the grain associations towards heterotrophic communities in low latitudes can lead to misinterpretation of climatic conditions in the past. Modern analogues of low-latitude heterozoan carbonates help to recognize and understand past occurrences of heterozoan warm-water carbonates. Careful analysis of such sediments therefore is required in order to achieve robust reconstructions of past climate.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterozoan carbonates in subtropical to tropical settings in the present and past

Westphal

Halfar

Freiwald

2010

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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“…Some samples include late diagenetic replacement dolomite rhombs (Hood et al 2002a). Judging from the temperate-latitude, cool-water origin of the deposits (Hood et al 2001), it is likely that the primary skeletal assemblages were dominated by LMC and IMC (intermediate-Mg calcite, 4-12 mol% MgCO 3 ), with some HMC (high-Mg calcite, >12 mol% MgCO 3 ) and aragonite (e.g., Nelson et al 1988). The mineralogically metastable carbonate minerals have been dissolved or altered to LMC during diagenesis (Hood & Nelson 1996).…”

Section: Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrogenesis of diachronous mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate megafacies in the cool‐water Oligocene Tikorangi formation, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Hood¹,

Nelson²,

Kamp³

2003

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The Oligocene (Whaingaroan-Waitakian) Tikorangi Formation is a totally subsurface, lithostratigraphically complex, mixed siliciclastic-limestone-rich sequence forming an important fracture reservoir within Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Petrographically the formation comprises a spectrum of interbedded rock types ranging from calcareous mudstone to wackestone to packstone to clean sparry grainstone. Skeletal and textural varieties within these rock types have aided in the identification of three environmentally distinctive megafacies for the Tikorangi Formation rocks-shelfal, foredeep, and basinal. Data from these megafacies have been used to detail previous conclusions on the petrogenesis and to further refine depositional paleoenvironmental models for the Tikorangi Formation in the central eastern Taranaki Basin margin.Shelfal Megafacies 1 rocks (reference well Hu Road-1 A) are latest Oligocene (early Waitakian) in age and formed on or proximal to the Patea-Tongaporutu-Herangi basement high. They are characterised by coarse, skeletal-rich, pure sparry grainstone comprising shallow water, high energy taxa (bryozoans, barnacles, red algae) and admixtures of coarse well-rounded lithic sand derived from Mesozoic basement greywacke. This facies type has previously gone unrecorded in the Tikorangi Formation. Megafacies 2 is a latest Oligocene (early Waitakian) foredeep megafacies (formerly named shelfal facies) formed immediately basinward and west of the shelfal basement platform. It accumulated relatively rapidly (>20 cm/ka) from redeposition of shelfal megafacies biota that became intermixed with bathyal taxa to produce a spectrum of typically mudstone through to sparry grainstone. The resulting skeletal mix (bivalve, echinoderm, planktic and benthic foraminiferal, red algal, bryozoan, nannofossil) is unlike that in any of the age-equivalent limestone units in neighbouring onland King Country Basin. Megafacies 3 is an Oligocene (WhaingaroanWaitakian) offshore basinal megafacies (formerly termed bathyal facies) of planktic foraminiferal-nannofossilsiliciclastic wackestone and mudstone formed away from redepositional influences. The siliciclastic input in this distal basinal setting (sedimentation rates <7 mm/ka) was probably sourced mainly from oceanic currents carrying suspended sediment from South Island provenances exposed at this time.Tikorangi Formation rocks record the Taranaki Basin's only period of carbonate-dominated sedimentation across a full range of shelfal, foredeep, and basinal settings. Depositional controls on the three contrasting megafacies were fundamentally the interplay of an evolving and complex plate tectonic setting, including development of a carbonate foredeep, changes in relative sea level within an overall transgressive regime, and changing availability, sources, and modes of deposition of both bioclastic and siliciclastic sediments. The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate nature of the formation, and its skeletal assemblages, low-Mg calcite mineralogy, and delayed deep burial diagenet...

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“…The shelves off Northland Peninsula and southern South Island each receive c. 3 million tonnes of terrigenous sediment per year (Nelson et al 1988a), and New Zealand's two most extensive modern carbonate occurrences within these regions-Three Kings platform and Snares platformreceive negligible terrigenous material. Greater Cook Strait, in contrast, receives a relatively large amount of terrigenous material from both North and South Island sources.…”

Section: Terrigenous Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although much of the published work on nontropical shelf carbonates has tended to focus on the more conspicuous larger scale examples, such as those off northern and southern New Zealand (e.g., Nelson et al 1988a) and off southern Australia (James etal. 1992;Boreenetal.…”

Section: Other Geological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and control of mixed terrigenous‐carbonate surficial sediment facies, Wanganui shelf, New Zealand

Gillespie

Nelson

1996

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Shallow-marine, mixed temperate, terrigenouscarbonate sediments are accumulating on the shallow to deep Wanganui shelf (c. 20-110 m water depth). From cluster analysis of textural and compositional parameters, five surficial sediment facies and five subfacies have been defined for the shelf. Facies 1 (Bivalve-bearing [gravelly] sand), is a terrigenous-dominated, shallow shelf facies (<50 m), incorporating Subfacies la (Sand)-a modern felsic sand prism-and lb (Bivalve-bearing volcaniclastic gravelly sand)-modern to relict andesitic detritus and shell fragments. Facies 2 (Skeletal-dominated sandy gravel) comprises sediments containing >50% CaCO 3 , and occurs in the shallow to mid shelf region (c. 30-90 m) where levels of terrigenous input are reduced, and substrates and hydraulic conditions are favourable for carbonate production. Facies 2 comprises Subfacies 2a (Bivalve-dominated sandy gravel), 2b (Bryozoan/bivalve-dominated sandy gravel), and 2c (Bryozoan/bivalve-dominated muddy sandy gravel and gravelly muddy sand). Facies 2 sediments are

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Non-tropical carbonate deposits on the modern New Zealand shelf

Cited by 202 publications

References 42 publications

Heterozoan carbonates in subtropical to tropical settings in the present and past

Heterozoan carbonates in subtropical to tropical settings in the present and past

Petrogenesis of diachronous mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate megafacies in the cool‐water Oligocene Tikorangi formation, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Distribution and control of mixed terrigenous‐carbonate surficial sediment facies, Wanganui shelf, New Zealand

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