Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: The Role of Shame, Self-Criticism and Fear of Self-Compassion

Xavier, Ana; Pinto‐Gouveia, José; Cunha, Marina

doi:10.1007/s10566-016-9346-1

Cited by 71 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…According to our second hypothesis, results demonstrate that this selfcritical and persecuting self-to-self relating mirrors earlier experiences of being criticized, putdown and victimized by others, which in turn leads to depressive symptoms. Lastly, results from path analysis are in accordance with our last hypothesis and corroborate a recent study (Xavier et al, 2016b) in which self-hatred contributes indirectly to the endorsement of NSSI through depressive symptoms, but more importantly impacts directly on NSSI. Thus, these results show that adolescents who have a negative sense of self and self-directed hostility might engage in NSSI, even in the absence of depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The form of self-criticism that is known to be more pathological is the hated self, as it refers to a sense of disgust, hatred and anger, with the desire to persecute, punish and exclude the self (Gilbert et al, 2004). Studies showed that this pervasive form of selfcriticism is associated with depressive symptoms (Castilho, Pinto-Gouveia, & Duarte, 2013;Gilbert et al, 2004) and NSSI (Gilbert et al, 2010;Xavier, Pinto-Gouveia, & Cunha, 2016b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Emotional Experiences With Family and Peers and Self-Injury in Adolescence

Xavier

Pinto‐Gouveia

Cunha

et al. 2016

The Journal of Psychology

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Although the relationship between negative childhood experiences, peer victimization, depressive symptoms and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is widely recognized, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood, especially among adolescents. This study aims to test the mediating role of both self-criticism and depressive symptoms in the relationship between memories of negative or positive experiences, current peer victimization and NSSI. The sample consists 854 Portuguese adolescents, 451 female and 403 male, with ages between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.89; SD = 1.79), from middle and secondary schools. Participants answered self-report measures. Results from path analysis showed that memories of negative experiences, the absence of positive memories with family in childhood and peer victimization indirectly impact on NSSI through self-criticism and depressive symptoms. In addition, these stressful experiences led to depressive symptoms through self-criticism. Lastly, the most severe form of self-criticism indirectly impacts on NSSI through depressive symptoms, even though it also has a strong direct effect. It suggests that negative experiences with parents and peer victimization, as well as the absence of positive memories with family, have a negative impact on NSSI when these experiences are linked with a sense of self-hatred and depressive symptoms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Emotional Experiences With Family and Peers and Self-Injury in Adolescence

Xavier

Pinto‐Gouveia

Cunha

et al. 2016

The Journal of Psychology

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“…According to Nock (2010), when exposed to stressful life events, individuals who experience both physiological hyperarousal activation and difficulties in emotion regulation may be particularly at risk for engaging in NSSI as a maladaptive coping strategy. Such predisposing characteristics may include poor interpersonal problem-solving skills (Nock & Mendes, 2008), rumination (Hilt, Cha, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008) and self-criticism in its most severe form -3 hated self (Xavier, Pinto-Gouveia, & Cunha, 2016). It seems that the way individuals respond to stress through mal-adaptive emotion regulation processes may increase depressive symptoms and dysfunctional behavior patterns (Garnefski et al, 2003;Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Peer Hassles and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Avoidance-Focused Emotion Regulation Processes

2017

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This study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination, experiential avoidance, dissociation and depressive symptoms in the association between daily peer hassles and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Additionally, this study explored gender differences in these associations and tested whether the proposed model was invariant across genders. The sample consisted of 776 adolescents, of them 369 are males (47.6%) and 407 are females (52.4%), aged between 12 and 18 years old from middle and high schools in Portugal. Participants completed self-report questionnaires to assess daily peer hassles, rumination in its severe component (i.e., brooding), experiential avoidance, dissociation, depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury. Path analysis showed that daily peer hassles indirectly impact on non-suicidal self-injury through increased levels of brooding, experiential avoidance, dissociation, and depressive symptoms. Results indicated significant gender differences in mean scores and path analysis. Male adolescents were more likely to engage in brooding and experiential avoidance in response to external distress (particularly, daily peer hassles), whereas female adolescents were more likely to engage in non-suicidal self-injury in response to internal distress (particularly, depressive symptoms). These findings suggest relevant preventive and intervention actions to address emotion dysregulation in adolescence, by teaching them acceptance and mindfulness skills as a way of coping with stressful experiences and internal distress.

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“…These have been defined as fears of compassion, which may difficult and block the motivation to learn Running Head: self-compassion as a moderator 6 and develop compassionate skills (Gilbert, McEwan, Matos, & Rivis, 2010). Moreover, two recent studies in a community sample of adolescents showed that adolescents who fear and avoid compassionate feelings towards themselves, when they make mistakes or are confronted with difficult situations, are more likely to engage in NSSI (Xavier, Cunha, & Pinto-Gouveia, 2015), particularly in the presence of daily peer hassles and depressive symptoms (Xavier, Pinto-Gouveia, & Cunha 2016). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Role of Self-Compassion on Risk Factors for Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence

Xavier

Pinto‐Gouveia

Cunha

2016

School Mental Health

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Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: The Role of Shame, Self-Criticism and Fear of Self-Compassion

Cited by 71 publications

References 26 publications

Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Emotional Experiences With Family and Peers and Self-Injury in Adolescence

Self-Criticism and Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Emotional Experiences With Family and Peers and Self-Injury in Adolescence

Daily Peer Hassles and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Avoidance-Focused Emotion Regulation Processes

The Protective Role of Self-Compassion on Risk Factors for Non-suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence

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