Non-professional marathon running: RAGE axis and ST2 family changes in relation to open-window effect, inflammation and renal function

Abstract

Conflicting data exist on the relevance of marathon (M) and half marathon (HM) running for health. The number of non-professional athletes finishing M and HM events is steadily growing. In order to investigate molecular changes occurring in amateur athletes, we enrolled 70 non-professional runners finishing a single M (34) or HM (36) event at baseline, the finish line and during recovery, and 30 controls. The measurement of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, ST2 and cytokeratin 18 was combined with molecules measured during clinical routine. Results were analyzed in the light of blood cell analysis, lactate measurements, correction for changes in plasma volume and body composition assessments. There were intrinsic differences in body mass index, abdominal body fat percentage and training time between M and HM runners. C-reactive protein changes in M and HM runners. While soluble RAGE, AGEs and ST2 increased immediately after the race in HM runners, HMGB1 increased in HM and M after the race and declined to baseline after a recovery period. We give insights into the regulation of various molecules involved in physical stress reactions and their possible implications for the cardiovascular system or renal function.

Concurrent high-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise modulates systemic release of alarmins (HMGB1, S100A8/A9, HSP70) and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy young men: a pilot study

“…Nevertheless, separate findings from these studies show that acute exercise increases circulating alarmins, such as HMGB1, and supports our working hypothesis that strenuous/exhaustive exercise is a "danger" or stressor to the physiological system (13). Systemic HMGB1 increased after strenuous aerobic exercise, including exhaustive treadmill running (14), a half-or full-marathon race (12) and a 5-min step test in a hypoxic chamber (15). Likewise, serum HSP70 increased after a single bout of treadmill running in an ambient environment (20 °C) at an intensity of 70% VO 2 peak for 60 min (16) and also after 2 h of semi-recumbent cycling at ~ 60% VO 2 max (17).…”

Concurrent high-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise modulates systemic release of alarmins (HMGB1, S100A8/A9, HSP70) and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy young men: a pilot study

“…The increase in systemic HMGB1 during 3 weeks of exercise training ranged from 1.2-to 1.4-fold in the present study, and is much lower, compared with reports by Beiter et al [14] and Bekos et al [12]. Beiter et al reported a 3-fold increase in plasma HMGB1 immediately after an exhaustive run (5.0 ng/mL), compared with resting concentrations (1.5 ng/mL).…”

“…Although the phenomenon of exercise-induced inflammatory cytokine responses is well-established [11], the responses of alarmins to exercise are poorly understood and represent an exciting research vista. In brief, investigators have mostly described the effects of acute exercise (one bout of exercise) on individual alarmins, with only one research group [12] having studied them as a part of a panel of biomarkers. Furthermore, alarmins as a panel of biomarkers have never been studied within the context of exercise training.…”

“…Systemic HMGB1 increased after strenuous aerobic exercise, including exhaustive treadmill running [14], a half-or full-marathon race [12] and a 5-min step test in a hypoxic chamber [15]. Likewise, serum HSP70 increased after a single bout of treadmill running in an ambient environment (20°C) at an intensity of 70% VO 2 peak for 60 min [16] and also after 2 h of semi-recumbent cycling at~60% VO 2 max [17].…”

The effects of long lasting physical exercise and training on kidneys functions

“…People who practice marathon runs have a significant increase in creatinine immediately after the run. The increased norm is maintained for 2-7 days for marathon runners and 1-2 days for runners starting at half of this distance (Bekos, 2016).…”