Non-native and native organisms moving into high elevation and high latitude ecosystems in an era of climate change: new challenges for ecology and conservation

Pauchard, Aníbal; Milbau, Ann; Albihn, Ann; Alexander, Jake M.; Burgess, Treena I.; Daehler, Curtis C.; Englund, Göran; Essl, Franz; Evengård, Birgitta; Greenwood, Gregory B.; Haider, Sylvia; Lenoir, Jonathan; McDougall, Keith L.; Muths, Erin; Núñez, Martín A.; Olofsson, Johan; Pellissier, Loïc; Rabitsch, Wolfgang; Rew, Lisa J.; Robertson, Mark P.; Sanders, Nathan J.; Kueffer, Christoph

doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1025-x

Cited by 140 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Indeed, the upward shift or range extension of many native and non‐native species, at least partly due to climate warming, either has, or is expected to, significantly alter patterns of native species diversity, potentially having profound conservation and management implications (Pauchard et al., , ). Thus, native species, especially rare and endangered ones that are endemic to high elevations (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mountaintop or sky‐island species) may face threats from both climate change and biological invasions (Figure ). Climate warming may in many cases lead to upward range extensions, resulting in displacement of previous habitat occupants, leaving those at the highest elevation with literally no place to go, and thus at risk from extinction (Pauchard et al., ). In addition, species invasions extending upward from lower elevational anthropogenic landscapes (Small & Cohen, ) may also limit the abundance of native plants through several mechanisms, such as competition and herbivory, and in doing so greatly alter the characteristics of mountain plant communities (but see Davis, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A global analysis of elevational distribution of non‐native versus native plants

Guo

Fei

Shen

et al. 2018

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Much is known about the elevational diversity patterns of native species and about the mechanisms that drive these patterns. A similar level of understanding is needed for non‐native species. Using published data, we examine elevational diversity patterns of non‐native plants and compare the resulting patterns with those observed for native plants. Location Global. Methods We compiled data from 65 case studies on elevational diversity patterns of non‐native plants around the world (including 32 cases in which both non‐native and native plants were sampled). We compared the elevational distributions (upper and lower limits, and extents) and diversity patterns of non‐native and native species. Results Compared to native plant species, the elevational diversity patterns of non‐native plant species were more negative (47% vs. 13%) and less unimodal (44% vs. 84%). That is, non‐native species richness tended to be highest at lower elevations, whereas native species richness peaked at mid‐elevations. In cases where species richness for both non‐native and native species on the same mountains showed unimodal patterns in relation to elevation, maximum values in species richness occurred at lower elevations for non‐native species. Main conclusions At present levels of invasion, non‐native and native species show different patterns in both distribution and diversity along elevational gradients worldwide. However, our observations constitute a snapshot of ongoing, long‐term invasion processes. As non‐native species typically show strong associations with human activities, future changes in human population (e.g. growth and migration), land use and climate change may promote upward spread of non‐native species and may thus increase risks of impact on native species and communities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global analysis of elevational distribution of non‐native versus native plants

Guo

Fei

Shen

et al. 2018

Journal of Biogeography

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“…This in turn may have negative consequences for high‐altitude biodiversity not previously exposed to the threat of invasive species (Pauchard et al . ).…”

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confidence: 97%

Control of invasive predators improves breeding success of an endangered alpine passerine

Weston¹,

O’Donnell²,

Dam‐Bates³

et al. 2018

Ibis

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Birds living in alpine environments are becoming increasingly impacted by human‐induced threats. We investigated the impacts of introduced mammalian predators on an endangered alpine species, the New Zealand Rockwren Xenicus gilviventris, and assessed whether predator control improved its breeding success. Nest monitoring revealed that the primary cause of nest failure was predation by invasive mammals, primarily Stoats Mustela erminea and House Mice Mus musculus. Daily survival rates (DSR) decreased with nest age, and nests were at their most vulnerable to predators just prior to fledging. DSR, egg‐hatching and fledgling rates were all improved by predator trapping, demonstrating the significant impacts that even low numbers of invasive predators can have on sensitive alpine and upland species.

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“…Multiple new species were detected and other known species recorded for the first time in Australia, and yet the overall impact is currently non-catastrophic. With climate change expected to make alpine areas vulnerable to invasion by warm-adapted species (Pauchard et al 2015), there is an urgent need to obtain baseline data on Phytophthora distribution there so that change can be detected and its effects interpreted. Unexpectedly, numerous Phytophthora species were detected from Australian alpine ecosystems where low temperatures were thought to prevent their survival Scott 1994, Desprez-Loustau et al 2007).…”

Section: Implications For Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Phytophthora diversity and community composition in natural areas across diverse Australian ecoregions

et al. 2018

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Comprehensive understanding of the patterns and drivers of microbial diversity at a landscape scale is in its infancy, despite the recent ease by which soil communities can be characterized using massively parallel amplicon sequencing. Here we report on a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of diversity distribution and composition of the ecologically and economically important Phytophthora genus from 414 soil samples collected across Australia. We assessed 22 environmental and seven categorical variables as potential predictors of Phytophthora species richness, α and β diversity, including both phylogenetically and non-phylogenically explicit methods. In addition, we classified each species as putatively native or introduced and examined the distribution with respect to putative origin. The two most widespread species, P. multivora and P. cinnamomi, are introduced, though five of the ten most widely distributed species are putatively native. Introduced taxa comprised over 54% of Australia's Phytophthora diversity and these species are known pathogens of annual and perennial crop habitats as well as urban landscapes and forestry. Patterns of composition were most strongly predicted by bioregion (R 2 = 0.29) and ecoregion (R 2 = 0.26) identity; mean precipitation of warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and latitude were also highly significant and described approximately 21, 14 and 13% of variation in NMDS composition, respectively. We also found statistically significant evidence for phylogenetic over-dispersion with respect to key climate variables.This study provides a strong baseline for understanding biogeographical patterns in this important genus as well the impact of key plant pathogens and invasive Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems.

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Non-native and native organisms moving into high elevation and high latitude ecosystems in an era of climate change: new challenges for ecology and conservation

Cited by 140 publications

References 54 publications

A global analysis of elevational distribution of non‐native versus native plants

A global analysis of elevational distribution of non‐native versus native plants

Control of invasive predators improves breeding success of an endangered alpine passerine

Predictors of Phytophthora diversity and community composition in natural areas across diverse Australian ecoregions

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