Non-M Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Mourez, Thomas; Simon, François; Plantier, Jean‐Christophe

doi:10.1128/cmr.00012-13

Cited by 67 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Because of the size of the AIDS epidemic in that country, this finding extrapolates to tens of thousands of group O infections in Nigeria alone. The natural history of group O infection appears to be similar to the natural history of group M infection (43), and it is thus likely that a roughly similar number of people have died as are currently infected. Therefore, it is reasonable to estimate that HIV-1 group O may have infected around 100,000 people (14).…”

Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Only HIV-1 group M spread globally and is responsible for the current HIV-1 pandemic. Infections with group N and P strains are very rare and largely restricted to Cameroon (43), but group O is the second most widespread HIV-1 lineage. Group O viruses, which currently account for up to 1% of all HIV-1 infections in Cameroon (44), also spread to other countries, including some outside of Africa.…”

Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

149

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HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting African apes. Although groups M and N have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, the reservoirs of groups O and P remain unknown. Here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountain (n = 218) gorillas for gorilla SIV (SIVgor) antibodies and nucleic acids. Despite testing wild troops throughout southern Cameroon (n = 14), northern Gabon (n = 16), the Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 2), and Uganda (n = 1), SIVgor was identified at only four sites in southern Cameroon, with prevalences ranging from 0.8–22%. Amplification of partial and full-length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity, but all SIVgor strains were derived from a single lineage within the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) radiation. Two fully sequenced gorilla viruses from southwestern Cameroon were very closely related to, and likely represent the source population of, HIV-1 group P. Most of the genome of a third SIVgor strain, from central Cameroon, was very closely related to HIV-1 group O, again pointing to gorillas as the immediate source. Functional analyses identified the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G as a barrier for chimpanzee-to-gorilla, but not gorilla-to-human, virus transmission. These data indicate that HIV-1 group O, which spreads epidemically in west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people, originated by cross-species transmission from western lowland gorillas.

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Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Sivgor Resulted From a Single Introduction Of Sivcpz From Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas

D’arc

Ayouba

Esteban

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

136

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…troglodytes in Africa have founded pandemic HIV-1 group M and nonpandemic group N infections; in contrast, SIVcpz in the wild chimpanzee P. troglodytes subsp. schweinfurthii or other strains from the P. troglodytes troglodytes group have not been found in humans (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). However, the reason for this difference is unknown and cannot be explained simply by geographical isolation, because SIVcpzMT145 also belongs to the P. troglodytes troglodytes group, but no human infection has been found.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recapitulating Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz to Humans by Using Humanized BLT Mice

Yuan

Kang

et al. 2016

J Virol

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The origins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been widely accepted to be the consequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from wild chimpanzees (SIVcpz) crossing over to humans. However, there has not been any in vivo study of SIVcpz infection of humans. Also, it remains largely unknown why only specific SIVcpz strains have achieved crossspecies transmission and what transmission risk might exist for those SIVcpz strains that have not been found to infect humans. Closing this knowledge gap is essential for better understanding cross-species transmission and predicting the likelihood of additional cross-species transmissions of SIV into humans. Here we show that humanized bone marrow, thymus, and liver (hu-BLT) mice are susceptible to all studied strains of SIVcpz, including the inferred ancestral viruses of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 groups M (SIVcpzMB897) and N (SIVcpzEK505) as well as strains that have not been found in humans (SIVcpzMT145 and SIVcpzBF1167). Importantly, the ability of SIVcpz to cross the interspecies barrier to infect humanized mice correlates with their phylogenetic distance to pandemic HIV-1. We also identified mutations of SIVcpzMB897 (Env G411R and G413R) and SIVcpzBF1167 (Env H280Q and Q380R) at 14 weeks postinoculation. Together, our results have recapitulated the events of SIVcpz cross-species transmission to humans and identified mutations that occurred during the first 16 weeks of infection, providing in vivo experimental evidence that the origins of HIV-1 are the consequence of SIVcpz crossing over to humans. This study also revealed that SIVcpz viruses whose inferred descendants have not been found in humans still have the potential to cause an HIV-1-like zoonosis. IMPORTANCEIt is believed that the origins of HIV-1 are the consequence of SIV from wild chimpanzees crossing over to humans. However, the origins of HIV-1 have been linked back to only specific SIVcpz strains. There have been no experiments that directly test the in vivo cross-species transmissibility of SIVcpz strains to humans. This is the first in vivo study of SIVcpz cross-species transmission. With the humanized-BLT mouse model, we have provided in vivo experimental evidence of multiple SIVcpz strains crossing over to humans and identified several important mutations of divergent SIVcpz strains after long-term replication in human cells. We also found that the cross-species transmission barrier of SIVcpz to humans correlates with their phylogenetic distance to pandemic HIV-1 group M. Importantly, this work provides evidence that SIVcpz viruses, whose inferred descendants have not been found in humans, still have the potential to cause a future HIV-1-like zoonotic outbreak. H uman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have claimed millions of human lives since the pandemic began in 1981, and HIV-1 still infects about 2.3 million people every year (1, 2). Based on comparative phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzee (SIVcpz), it has ...

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“…However, any diagnostic test also has to be able to detect all circulating HIV variants. HIV is currently divided into two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2, according to the genetic diversity; these types are further subdivided into four groups (M to P) for HIV-1 and nine groups (A to I) for HIV-2 (10,11). Pandemic HIV-1 group M is also subdivided into nine nonrecombinant subtypes (A to D, F to H, and J to K) and numerous circulating recombinant forms (CRF) (http://hiv-web.lanl.gov/) and unique recombinant forms.…”

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confidence: 99%