Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview of 46 Systematic Reviews

Chen, Yan‐Cong; Sun, Xuemei; Lin, Yali; Zhang, Zixuan; Gao, Yinyan; Wu, Irene Xin Yin

doi:10.3233/jpd-202521

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…The disease results in a considerable burden for patients as well as insurance and social costs [4,5]. Similar to dementia, diagnosing the disease early is important in order to improve care [6] or even intervene preventatively [7,8]. As a result, early and prodromal symptoms have been the focus of considerable research over the last 20 years [6,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Prodromal Presentations of Parkinson’s Disease among Primary Care Outpatients in Germany

Bohlken¹,

Schrag²,

Riedel‐Heller³

et al. 2021

Neuroepidemiology

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Background: This study aimed to identify clinical features that predate the diagnosis of PD in a primary care setting. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was based on data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) and included 17,702 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 17,702 non-PD controls matched for age, sex, and index year. We analyzed the prevalence of 15 defined diagnoses and symptoms documented within 2 years, ≥2 to <5, and ≥5 to <10 years prior to the index date in patients with and without PD. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between PD and the predefined diagnoses. Results: The prevalence of motor, neuropsychiatric and autonomic features was higher in those with a later diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease than controls for all three periods except for rigidity in the ≥2 to <5 and ≥5 to <10-year periods and erectile dysfunction in the most recent period before diagnosis. The clinical presentation recorded in the greatest percentage of patients was depression, followed by dizziness, insomnia, and constipation, but these were also common in the control population. The odds ratios were highest for increase in tremor, followed by balance impairment and memory problems, particularly in the latest period before diagnosis, and by constipation particularly in the earliest period examined. Conclusion: The prodromal features of PD could be identified in this large primary care database in Germany with similar results to those found in previous database studies despite differences in methodologies and systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Prodromal Presentations of Parkinson’s Disease among Primary Care Outpatients in Germany

Bohlken¹,

Schrag²,

Riedel‐Heller³

et al. 2021

Neuroepidemiology

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“…Hence, it has been hypothesized that the association between exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides and PD risk might be affected by CYP2D6 gene variants. In this regard, exposure to pesticides has been demonstrated to potentially modify the effect of CYP2D6 variants on PD risk [ 116 ]. It has also been shown that the poor metabolizer genotype of CYP2D6 is associated with a higher DNA methylation status [ 53 ].…”

Section: Environmental Impact On Epigenetic Modifications In Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear etiology and no disease-modifying treatment to date. PD is considered a multifactorial disease, since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms linking these two key disease modifiers remain obscure. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modifications, and non-coding RNAs may represent the key mediators of the genetic–environmental interactions underlying PD pathogenesis. Environmental exposures may cause chemical alterations in several cellular functions, including gene expression. Emerging evidence has highlighted that smoking, coffee consumption, pesticide exposure, and heavy metals (manganese, arsenic, lead, etc.) may potentially affect the risk of PD development at least partially via epigenetic modifications. Herein, we discuss recent accumulating pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PD development, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis and stimulate future research.

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“…In addition, case-control studies often suffer from selection bias at study entry (13,18,39). Selection bias could, for instance, occur in case-controls studies investigating the association of diet with PD (40). If controls are selected on the basis of an advertisement about research on nutrition, usually this will attract people who have an interest in this topic and who already have a healthy diet (18,41).…”

Section: Importance Of Population-based Studies In Pre-diagnostic Parkinson's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Probing the Pre-diagnostic Phase of Parkinson's Disease in Population-Based Studies

Dommershuijsen

Ikram

2021

Front. Neurol.

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Parkinson's disease covers a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from early non-motor symptoms to the characteristic bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. Although differences in the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease are increasingly recognized, there is still a lack of insight into the heterogeneity of the pre-diagnostic phase of Parkinson's disease. In this perspective, we highlight three aspects regarding the role of population-based studies in providing new insights into the heterogeneity of pre-diagnostic Parkinson's disease. First we describe several specific advantages of population-based cohort studies, including the design which overcomes some common biases, the broad data collection and the high external validity. Second, we draw a parallel with the field of Alzheimer's disease to provide future directions to uncover the heterogeneity of pre-diagnostic Parkinson's disease. Finally, we anticipate on the emergence of prevention and disease-modification trials and the potential role of population-based studies herein. In the coming years, bridging gaps between study designs will be essential to make vital advances in elucidating the heterogeneity of pre-diagnostic Parkinson's disease.

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Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview of 46 Systematic Reviews

Cited by 26 publications

References 87 publications

Identification of Prodromal Presentations of Parkinson’s Disease among Primary Care Outpatients in Germany

Identification of Prodromal Presentations of Parkinson’s Disease among Primary Care Outpatients in Germany

Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review

Probing the Pre-diagnostic Phase of Parkinson's Disease in Population-Based Studies

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