Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us about Wood Property Variation

Schimleck, Laurence R.; Dahlen, Joseph; Apiolaza, Luis A.; Downes, Geoffrey M.; Emms, Grant; Evans, Robert; Moore, John R.; Pâques, Luc; Bulcke, Jan Van den; Wang, Xiping

doi:10.3390/f10090728

Cited by 92 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…Accordingly, wood specific gravity was significantly reduced in 4cl1 mutants (Figure 2E). The mutants also exhibited significantly lower acoustic velocity (Figure 2F), which is correlated with the microfibril angle of the S2 layer (Schimleck et al, 2019). No other apparent growth anomaly was observed under greenhouse conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Compensatory guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis at the expense of syringyl lignin in 4CL1-knockout poplar

Xue

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The lignin biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved in angiosperms, yet pathway manipulations give rise to a variety of taxon-specific outcomes. Knockout of lignin-associated 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) in herbaceous species mainly reduces guaiacyl (G) lignin and enhances cell wall saccharification. Here we show that CRISPR-knockout of 4CL1 in Populus tremula × alba preferentially reduced syringyl (S) lignin, with negligible effects on biomass recalcitrance. Concordant with reduced S-lignin was downregulation of ferulate 5-hydroxylases (F5Hs). Lignification was largely sustained by 4CL5, a low-affinity paralog of 4CL1 typically with only minor xylem expression or activity. Levels of caffeate, the preferred substrate of 4CL5, increased in line with significant upregulation of caffeoyl shikimate esterase1. Upregulation of caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase1 and downregulation of F5Hs are consistent with preferential funneling of 4CL5 products toward G-lignin biosynthesis at the expense of S-lignin. Thus, transcriptional and metabolic adaptations to 4CL1-knockout appear to have enabled 4CL5 catalysis at a level sufficient to sustain lignification. Finally, genes involved in sulfur assimilation, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and various antioxidant systems were upregulated in the mutants, suggesting cascading responses to perturbed thioesterification in lignin biosynthesis.One sentence summaryKnockout of lignin-associated 4CL1 in Populus reveals a 4CL5-dependent, caffeate-modulated compensatory pathway for lignification with links to thiol redox balance and sulfur assimilation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Compensatory guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis at the expense of syringyl lignin in 4CL1-knockout poplar

Xue

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Several indirect measurement methods were developed for a range of physical, mechanical, and chemical wood properties in a collection of woody species [68]. Regardless of the method, its efficiency depends on the correlation between predictions and the actual phenotype, typically expressed by the regression model R 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, wood quality traits are expensive and time-consuming to measure, requiring laboratory facilities and technical expertise to process wood and assess the properties correctly. To overcome the challenge of characterizing a tree with a non-destructive, cost-effective, and faster procedure, wood technologists have developed indirect measurement methods [67,68] that inherently introduce a trade-off between accuracy and ease of measurement that depends on the trait and the objective of the characterization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood and Pulping Properties Variation of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Sampling Strategies for Accurate Phenotyping

Martins

Yuliarto²,

Antes³

et al. 2020

Forests

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Research Highlights: This study provides a comprehensive set of wood and pulping properties of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. to assess variation and efficient sampling strategies for whole-tree level phenotyping. Background and Objectives: A. crassicarpa is an important tree species in Southeast Asia, with limited knowledge about its wood properties. The objective of this study was to characterize important wood properties and pulping performance of improved germplasm of the species. Furthermore, we investigated within-tree patterns of variation and evaluated the efficiency of phenotyping strategies. Materials and Methods: Second-generation progeny trials were studied, where forty 50-month-old trees were selected for destructive sampling and assessed for wood density, kraft pulp yield, α-cellulose, carbohydrate composition, and lignin content and composition (S/G ratio). We estimated the phenotypic correlations among traits determined within-tree longitudinal variation and its importance for whole-tree level phenotyping. Results: The mean whole-tree disc basic density was 481 kg/m3, and the screened kraft pulp yield was 53.8%. The reliabilities of each sampling position to predict whole-tree properties varied with different traits. For basic density, pulp yield, and glucose content, the ground-level sampling could reliably predict the whole-tree property. With near infrared reflectance spectroscopy predictions as an indirect measurement method for disc basic density, we verified reduced reliability values for breast height sampling but sufficiently correlated to allow accurate ranking and efficient selection of genotypes in a breeding program context. Conclusions: We demonstrated the quality of A. crassicarpa as a wood source for the pulping industry. The wood and pulping traits have high levels of phenotypic variation, and standing tree sampling strategies can be performed for both ranking and high-accuracy phenotyping purposes.

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“…We would suggest then, there is currently no simple approach to account for error in lidarderived AGB arising from the inability to measure whole-tree basic woody tissue density. In the longer-term, hopefully new non-destructive estimation methods will be pioneered, with interesting research ongoing using x-ray computed tomography [47] and genome sequencing [48,49]. But in the meantime, our recommendation from the analysis of the data collected here, is that when viable, estimates acquired from direct measurements on the stems of trees are likely superior to those taken from the literature (mean tree-scale relative error in AGB est of 4 % and 9 % respectively).…”

Section: The More Tricky Issue Of Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into large tropical tree mass and structure from direct harvest and terrestrial lidar

Burt

Vicari

Costa

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A large portion of the terrestrial vegetation carbon stock is stored in the above-ground biomass AGB of tropical forests, but the exact amount remains uncertain, partly due to the difficulty of making direct, whole-tree measurements. We harvested four large tropical rainforest trees (stem diameter: 0.6-1.2m, height: 30-46m, AGB: 3960-18584kg) in a natural closed forest stand in East Amazonia, and measured above-ground green mass, moisture content and woody tissue density. We found approximately 40% of green mass was water, and the majority of AGB was most often found in the crown, but varied from 42-62%. Woody tissue density varied substantially intra-tree, with both height and radius, but variations were not systematic inter-tree. Terrestrial lidar data were collected pre-harvest, from which volume-derived AGB estimates were retrieved. These estimates were more accurate than traditional allometric counterparts (mean tree-scale relative error: 3% vs. 15%). Error in lidar-derived estimates remained constant across tree size, whilst error in allometric-derived estimates increased up to 4-fold over the diameter range. Further, unlike allometric estimates, the error in lidar estimates decreased when up-scaling to the cumulative AGB of the four trees. Terrestrial lidar methods therefore can help reduce uncertainty in tree- and stand-scale AGB estimates, which would substantially advance our understanding of the role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle.

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Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us about Wood Property Variation

Cited by 92 publications

References 251 publications

Compensatory guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis at the expense of syringyl lignin in 4CL1-knockout poplar

Compensatory guaiacyl lignin biosynthesis at the expense of syringyl lignin in 4CL1-knockout poplar

Wood and Pulping Properties Variation of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Sampling Strategies for Accurate Phenotyping

New insights into large tropical tree mass and structure from direct harvest and terrestrial lidar

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