Non-conscious processes and dual-process theories in health psychology

Hagger, Martin S.

doi:10.1080/17437199.2016.1244647

Cited by 71 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Recent empirical work (Phillips, Cohen, Burns, Abrams, & Renninger, 2016;Phillips, Leventhal, & Leventhal, 2013) examined the role of two such processes in predicting longterm adherence: 'coherence' of beliefs (i.e., a certainty in one's beliefs regarding the illness and treatment that results directly from personal experience that a treatment does what it is expected to do), and medication-taking habit strength. This work draws on dualprocess theories (Hagger, 2016), which purport that individuals' behaviour is controlled by both deliberative/reflective processes (rational and conscious decision-making influences on action), and implicit/impulsive processes (well-learned, spontaneous, and non-conscious influences). Phillips et al (2013) posit that long-term medication adherence occurs if: (1) adherence behaviour is successfully initiated due to formation of treatment-favourable beliefs; (2) performance of the treatment provides evidence that the treatment is working, thereby confirming the individual's beliefs, resulting in a 'coherent' CSM and increased likelihood of treatment persistence; and (3) the medication-taking routine is repeated enough to develop automatic contextual cues that maintain the behaviour.…”

Section: Statement Of Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent empirical work (Phillips, Cohen, Burns, Abrams, & Renninger, ; Phillips, Leventhal, & Leventhal, ) examined the role of two such processes in predicting long‐term adherence: ‘coherence’ of beliefs (i.e., a certainty in one's beliefs regarding the illness and treatment that results directly from personal experience that a treatment does what it is expected to do), and medication‐taking habit strength. This work draws on dual‐process theories (Hagger, ), which purport that individuals’ behaviour is controlled by both deliberative/reflective processes (rational and conscious decision‐making influences on action), and implicit/impulsive processes (well‐learned, spontaneous, and non‐conscious influences). Phillips et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures

Durand

Hayes

Harhen

et al. 2018

British J Health Psychol

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Associations among unique adherence measures were weak overall, providing further evidence that multiple measures are necessary to accurately assess adherence. Habit strength is a key predictor of adherence for chronic conditions. Both habit strength and pill burden represent important intervention targets for improving long-term medication adherence. Longitudinal inception studies are needed to properly test Common-Sense Model propositions and elucidate the role of beliefs, coherence, and habits in predicting adherence at various stages of the chronic illness trajectory. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Non-adherence to antihypertensives is a leading cause of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH). Behaviour maintenance (vs. initiation) factors may be more predictive of long-term adherence. What does this study add? Associations among direct and indirect measures of adherence are generally weak. Habit strength is the strongest predictor of long-term adherence for aTRH in primary care. Inception studies are needed to further validate Common-Sense Model propositions.

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Section: Statement Of Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures

Durand

Hayes

Harhen

et al. 2018

British J Health Psychol

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“…Concurrently, automatic processes may play an important role in the prediction of exercise behavior [24][25][26]. The pervasive effects of automatic on exercise behavior [27] suggest that the pandemic of physical inactivity [4] originates, at least in part, in automatic processes. Specifically, individuals may fail to exercise regularly despite conscious intentions to be active because BMEC activate competing automatic processes.…”

Section: Controlled and Automatic Processes In Exercise Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and neural evidence of the rewarding value of exercise behaviors: A systematic review

Cheval

Radel

Neva

et al. 2017

Preprint

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BackgroundIn a time of physical inactivity pandemic, attempts to better understand the factors underlying the regulation of exercise behavior are important. The dominant neurobiological approach to exercise behavior considers physical activity to be a reward. However, negative affective responses during exercise challenge this idea. Objective Our objective was to systematically review studies testing the automatic reactions triggered by stimuli associated with different types of exercise behavior (e.g., physical activity, sedentary behaviors) and energetic cost variations (e.g., decreased energetic cost, irrespective of the level of physical activity). Methods Two authors systematically searched, screened, extracted, and analyzed data from articles in the MEDLINE database. Results We included 26 studies. Three outcomes of automatic processes were tested: Affective reactions, attentional capture, and approach tendencies. Behavioral results show that physical activity can become attention-grabbing, automatically trigger positive affect, and elicit approach behaviors. These automatic reactions explain and predict exercise behaviors. However, the use of a wide variety of measures prevents drawing solid conclusions about the specific effects of automatic processes. Brain imaging results are scarce but show that stimuli associated with physical activity and, to a lesser extent, sedentary behaviors activate regions involved in reward processes. Studies investigating the rewarding value of behaviors driving energetic cost variations such as behaviors minimizing energetic cost are lacking. Conclusion Reward is an important factor in exercise behavior. The literature based on the investigation of automatic behaviors seems in line with the suggestion that physical activity is rewarding, at least for physically active individuals. Results suggest that sedentary behaviors could also be rewarding, although this evidence remains weak due to a lack of investigations. Finally, from an evolutionary perspective, behaviors minimizing energetic cost are likely to be rewarding. However, no study has investigated this hypothesis. In sum, additional studies are required to establish a strong and complete framework of the reward processes underlying automatic exercise behavior.Key points -Behavioral and brain imaging studies using different outcomes of automatic behavior show that physical activity and, to a weaker extent, sedentary behaviors are rewarding. -Behaviors minimizing energetic cost have been essential to evolutionary survival and are likely to be rewarding. However, experimental evidence is still lacking. -The dominant neuropsychological approaches to exercise behavior are incomplete, which may partly explain our current inability to counteract the pandemic of physical inactivity..CC-BY 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under aThe copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/211425 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Rewardi...

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“…In keeping with its constituent theories, the TCM focuses exclusively on motivational and social cognition determinants of leisure-time physical activity participation. However, such an approach does not account for the potential influence of factors that affect individuals' behavior beyond their awareness and reflect non-conscious, automatic processes that determine behavior [29,30]. There has been a proliferation of research on behavioral determinants reflecting these processes in physical activity contexts [31][32][33][34], and reflect a general rise in interest in dual-process theories of motivation and social cognition [35].…”

Section: Extending the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of School Students’ Leisure-Time Physical Activity: An Extended Trans-Contextual Model Using Bayesian Path Analysis

Polet

Schneider

Hassandra

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background:The trans-contextual model (TCM) has been applied to identify the determinants of leisure-time physical activity participation in secondary school students. In the current study, the TCM was extended to include additional constructs that represent non-conscious, implicit processes that lead to leisure-time physical activity participation alongside the motivational and social cognition constructs from the TCM. The current study used baseline and follow-up data from an intervention study to test the extended TCM. Methods:The current study adopted a two-wave prospective design. Secondary-school students (N = 502) completed measures of perceived autonomy support from physical education (PE) teachers, autonomous motivation in PE and leisure-time contexts, social cognition constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), intentions, trait self-control, habits, and past behavior all in a leisure-time physical activity context. Five weeks later, students (N = 298) completed a follow-up self-report measure of their leisure-time physical activity. Results:Bayesian path analyses supported two key premises of the model: perceived autonomous support predicted autonomous motivation in PE, and autonomous motivation in PE predicted autonomous motivation in leisure time. However, while both forms of autonomous motivation predicted social cognition constructs and intentions, they did not predict leisure-time physical activity participation.Trait self-control, attitudes, and past behavior were direct predictors of intentions and leisure-time physical activity participation. Specifying informative priors for key model relations using Bayesian analysis yielded greater precision for some of the estimates. Conclusions:Findings raise some questions on the efficacy of the original TCM, but highlight the value of extending the TCM to incorporate additional constructs representing non-conscious processes. Note. †Parameters with informative priors. Model 1 = Bayesian path model with non-informative priors; Model 2 = Bayesian path model including informative priors; H = Hypothesis; β = Parameter estimate; 95% CrI = 95% credibility interval of path coefficient; %diff = Percent difference in 95% credibility interval of path coefficients of path analysis including informative priors for specified model relationships compared to analysis using non-informative priors (negative numbers indicate a

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Non-conscious processes and dual-process theories in health psychology

Cited by 71 publications

References 56 publications

Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures

Medication adherence for resistant hypertension: Assessing theoretical predictors of adherence using direct and indirect adherence measures

Behavioral and neural evidence of the rewarding value of exercise behaviors: A systematic review

Predictors of School Students’ Leisure-Time Physical Activity: An Extended Trans-Contextual Model Using Bayesian Path Analysis

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