Localizing Foreign Policy 1993
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-22963-5_3
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Non-central Governments and Multilayered Diplomacy

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Cited by 70 publications
(99 citation statements)
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“…In the course of studies of the international role of subnational units, numerous new terms and concepts have been adopted, such as microdiplomacy, protodiplomacy, paradiplomacy (Duchacek 1986(Duchacek , 1990Soldatos 1990), multilevel diplomacy (Hocking 1993(Hocking , 2004, federative diplomacy, and federative foreign policy (Rodrigues 2008). However, the term 'paradiplomacy' has prevailed internationally as a way of describing the international actions of subnational units (Aguirre 1999;Kuznetsov 2015;Tavares, 2016).…”
Section: Cities and Paradiplomacysupporting
confidence: 46%
“…In the course of studies of the international role of subnational units, numerous new terms and concepts have been adopted, such as microdiplomacy, protodiplomacy, paradiplomacy (Duchacek 1986(Duchacek , 1990Soldatos 1990), multilevel diplomacy (Hocking 1993(Hocking , 2004, federative diplomacy, and federative foreign policy (Rodrigues 2008). However, the term 'paradiplomacy' has prevailed internationally as a way of describing the international actions of subnational units (Aguirre 1999;Kuznetsov 2015;Tavares, 2016).…”
Section: Cities and Paradiplomacysupporting
confidence: 46%
“…Other new and complex problems such as increased migration and climate change also demanded political experimentation (John 2001). Local authorities accepted responsibility for addressing these problems in part because of declining confidence in the foreign policy capability of nation-states (Hocking 1993). They were also encouraged in this direction by new sources of funding and authority at the level above the nation-state, especially the European level (John 2001, Keating 1999 (Brenner and Theodore 2002a).…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 43%
“…cities, regions, non-governmental organisations and so on (Aldecoa andKeating 1999, Duchacek 1990); 'multilayered diplomacy' emphasises the interaction between these internationally involved non-central governments and nation-states (Hocking 1993(Hocking , 1999; and 'post-diplomacy' or 'beyond diplomacy' specifies the character of this interaction which is more entangled than parallel (Aguirre 1999). It is particularly in this comparative politics literature that discussion of the new localism overlaps with discussion of a 'new regionalism' or 'new federalism'.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 39%
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“…En opinión de Brian Hocking (1993), "el término presume implícitamente intereses incompatibles" (citado en Criekemans, 2010, p. 62), ya que esto puede generar rechazo por parte de ciertos actores que participan u observan, ya sea como políticos, técnicos, académicos, ciudadanos. Debido a ello, propone el término "Diplomacia de Múltiples Capas/Niveles (Multilayered Diplomacy)" a través del que describe las vinculaciones y complementariedades entre la diplomacia estatal y no estatal.…”
Section: El Término Y/o Definición Del Conceptounclassified