Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of Cr and Pb in vegetables grown in the industrial area in the southwest of Iran using Monte Carlo Simulation approach

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

“…The contamination of crops with excessive amounts of PTEs such as Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu)can mainly originate from either anthropogenic sources and human activities including mining, usage of sewage sludge for irrigation and even the use of fertilizers and pesticides [ 1 ]. The FDA/WHO permissible limit has defined as 0.02, 1.63, 0.41, 0.21, 3 and 27.4 mg per kilogram for chromium, nickel, lead, Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc (mg/kg) in whole grain, respectively [ 5 ]. Also, according to the European Commission standard (EU), 0.24 mg/kg is declared for both Pb and Cd in wheat [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”