Nomeações políticas no Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2003-2013): interconexões entre ONGs, partidos e governos

Abstract

ResumoNeste artigo, exploramos mudanças na relação entre movimentos sociais e o governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores pela lente da política de nomeações de cargos de alto escalão no Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) entre 2003 e 2013. Ao analisar as biografias profissionais e políticas de 147 nomeados, identificamos uma diminuição, ao longo do período, de nomeações de atores originários de movimentos sociais, acompanhada por um crescimento de nomeações de servidores públicos. Sugerimos que essa mudança não é somente resultado de transformações das preferências políticas do governo petista. Resulta também de um aumento no número absoluto de funcionários concursados, o que tornou o governo menos dependente, do que era no passado, das capacidades técnicas e políticas presentes na sociedade civil.

Global networks in national governance? Changes of professional expertise in Amazon environmental governance

“…As discussed in the next section, a large number of the staff working on environmental policymaking in Brazil's federal government, from the 1990s to the early 2000s, were consultants funded by United Nations agencies. However, as the field matured around the MMA, the state became less dependent on these transnational networks (Abers & Oliveira, 2015). The greater ability of the Brazilian state to recruit and employ permanent staff allowed it to more selectively choose which kinds of professional experience would be valued when appointing key decision‐making positions in the ministry.…”

“…They can also occur through framings, resources, and expertise such as highlighted by the literature on transnational policy networks. The role of IGOs in staffing early environmental institutions in Brazil is a key example (Abers & Oliveira, 2015; Losekann, 2012).…”

“…These arrangements were a common practice to overcome the shortage of career civil servants in the federal administration (Galvani & Morse, 2004). Most of this project‐specific personnel at MMA had expertise acquired in other environmental organizations, such as NGOs, making the ministry historically dependent on the knowledge and skills developed in civil society (Abers & Oliveira, 2015; Zhouri, 2004). The transnational networks that had influenced the environmental agenda through external pressure from the outside, were then involved in shaping policy from within the Brazilian state.…”

“…Another important characteristic of Silva's ministry was the institutional expansion of the MMA, with the creation of the ICMBio, to manage conservation units, and the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB), which focused on deforestation. This institutional strengthening of the ministry was undertaken through the recruitment of tenured public servants via public competitive examination, incorporating civil society into the bureaucracy (Abers & Oliveira, 2015). Marina Silva resigned from the cabinet in 2008, due to tensions within Lula's administration stemming from pressures to approve controversial projects (Hochstetler & Montero, 2013).…”

Climate institutions in Brazil: three decades of building and dismantling climate capacity

“…President Lula da Silva chose rubber tapper and Workers Party Senator Marina Silva as Minister of Environment, where she led Brazil's first successful approaches to reduce deforestation. Silva layered her programs into the existing ministry, whose capacity she built first with environmental activists and then a permanent career track (Abers and Oliveira 2015). They helped formulate the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAm) in 2004, 1 which studies show made major contributions toward reducing the annual deforestation rate by 76% from 2005 to 2012 (Assunção et al 2015, Azevedo et al 2017.…”