Noise standards, measurements, and receiver noise definitions

Abstract

Abstracr--'Ihis paper eolLfists of fwr seetioas c o v e 1) basic principles of noise mersPrement, 2) the switching radiometer, 3) a survey of noise so~~lces, and 4) concepts of noise factor and noise temperature. The f h t sectioopresentsbPsiCfom~lsediu~rdiometen.Thesecood disclases the switching rrdiometer, brieUy traciug its development and usage in the shodads field. lEe third sectioa surveys the development of hot and cold t h e d noise s(w~es, noise diodes, and grsdischnrge noise generators.The last sectioa presents and disasses the basic dehitiom of receiver noise perfomme.

A null-balanced total-power radiometer system NCS1

“…Tlie radiometer is a total-power radiometer, as opposed to a switching (Dicke) radiometer [8,9], The driving force behind the switching concept is drift. In (he latwratory environment, because of the availability of inexpensive water cooling, the NCSl's sensitivity (=3 K), and the short time necessary to complete a measurement (minutes), drift is not a problem.…”

WR15 thermal noise standard

“…The average thermal noise power output of a standard is described by the noise temperature T [1] which is the thermal noise power P per unit bandwidth available at its output connector divided by Boltzmann's Constant k. That is…”

Ad Hoc LTE Method for Resilient Smart Grid Communications

“…where N acc is the accumulated noise power of interfering transmissions (0 W, if no concurrent transmissions in the same RB), N th is the thermal noise presented as [42] …”