2012
DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.015002
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Noise characteristics of heterodyne/homodyne frequency-domain measurements

Abstract: Abstract. We theoretically develop and experimentally validate the noise characteristics of heterodyne and/or homodyne measurements that are widely used in frequency-domain diffusive imaging. The mean and covariance of the modulated heterodyne output are derived by adapting the random amplification of a temporal point process. A multinomial selection rule is applied to the result of the temporal noise analysis to additionally model the spatial distribution of intensified photons measured by a charge-coupled de… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 37 publications
(73 reference statements)
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“…Although recently developed noise models for heterodyne and homodyne measurements indicate that small m p reduces σ 2 AC in Eq. (4), 27 the decreased σ 2 AC does not improve the estimation forφ because γ in Eq. (14) depends on only a AC and σ 2 DC .…”
Section: Further Discussion and Conclusionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…Although recently developed noise models for heterodyne and homodyne measurements indicate that small m p reduces σ 2 AC in Eq. (4), 27 the decreased σ 2 AC does not improve the estimation forφ because γ in Eq. (14) depends on only a AC and σ 2 DC .…”
Section: Further Discussion and Conclusionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, the covariance of a heterodyne and/or homodyne output was theoretically derived from the random amplification of a temporal point process. 27 The model of covariance implies that the variance of heterodyne outputs can be expressed as the form of σ 2 p ðtÞ in Eq. (4) and both σ 2 DC and σ 2 AC are affected by a Fano factor F 24 of image intensifiers, which is experimentally verified.…”
Section: Theory Developmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Projected photons from the double conical mirrors pass through filters (a combination of 515 long pass filter and 515/30 or 595/20 or 625/20 nm band pass filter, Chroma Technology Corp., USA) and a lens (AF Nikkor 50 mm f/1.8D, Nikon, Japan) in front of the intensifier. To determine amplitude modulations and phase shifts for the frequency domain measurements, we implemented a homodyne imaging method [15][16][17]. The gain of the intensifier is modulated at the same frequency as the source.…”
Section: Detection Unitmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Usually, the gain of the PMT is modulated at a frequency that is near (the same as) the modulation frequency of the excitation light source to generate a low beat frequency (dc) signal at the output of the PMT. Because the heterodyne (homodyne) detection technique reduces the frequency bandwidth of the system, the large value of the load resistor can be connected to the output of the PMT.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%