Nodaviruses of Insects

Ball, L. Andrew; Johnson, Kyle L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5341-0_8

Cited by 58 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Betanodaviruses have key features as model viruses, as is also the case with the insect alphanodaviruses (Ball & Johnson 1998), the other genus of the family Nodaviridae. Betanodaviruses have one of the smallest genomes (4.5 kb in total) among the known viruses, which encode only 3 viral proteins (protein A, CP, and protein B2).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of freshwater fish species for their susceptibility to a betanodavirus

Furusawa¹,

Okinaka²,

Uematsu³

et al. 2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Betanodaviruses, the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes. Because the genomes are the smallest and simplest among viruses, betanodaviruses have been well studied using a reversed genetics system as model viruses. However, studies of virus-host interactions have progressed slowly because permissive hosts for betanodaviruses (basically larvae and juveniles of marine fish) are only available for limited periods of the year and are not suitable for the construction of a genetic engineering system. To obtain a model fish species that are not subject to these problems, 21 freshwater fish species were injected intramuscularly with a betanodavirus (redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) and tested for their susceptibility to the virus. Based on their responses, the tested fish were classified into 3 groups: 4 susceptible fish, 10 less susceptible fish, and 7 resistant fish. The susceptible fish, celebes rainbowfish Telmatherina ladigesi, threadfin rainbowfish Iriatherina werneri, dwarf rainbowfish Melanotaenia praecox, and medaka Oryzias latipes, exhibited erratic swimming and eventually died within 10 d post-inoculation. The virus was specifically localized in the brains, spinal cords, and retinas of the infected fish, similar to the pattern of infection in naturally infected marine fish. We believe that these susceptible freshwater fish species could act as good host models for betanodavirus-fish interaction studies. KEY WORDS: Betanodavirus · Freshwater fish · Model fish · Experimental infection · Medaka · Rainbowfish Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 77: [119][120][121][122][123][124][125] 2007 tex and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, respectively, whereas BFNNV has been isolated from some coldwater species, such as barfin flounder Verasper moseri, Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. RGNNV has a broad host range and causes disease among a variety of warm water fish species, particularly groupers and sea bass (Munday et al. 2002).Betanodaviruses have key features as model viruses, as is also the case with the insect alphanodaviruses (Ball & Johnson 1998), the other genus of the family Nodaviridae. Betanodaviruses have one of the smallest genomes (4.5 kb in total) among the known viruses, which encode only 3 viral proteins (protein A, CP, and protein B2). Furthermore, a genetic engineering system has already been established based on a cDNAmediated infectious RNA transcription strategy (Iwamoto et al. 2001(Iwamoto et al. , 2004. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of virus multiplication is possible with betanodaviruses, using cultured cells (Frerichs et al. 1996, Chi et al. 1999, Iwamoto et al. 1999, 2000. However, studies of virus-host interactions have progressed slowly because of the limited availability of host fish. Betanodaviruses basically infect marine fish larvae and juveniles, which are only available for a few months of the...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of freshwater fish species for their susceptibility to a betanodavirus

Furusawa¹,

Okinaka²,

Uematsu³

et al. 2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Flock house virus (FHV), a positive-strand RNA virus of coleopteran insect origin (for reviews, see Ball & Johnson, 1998;Hendry, 1991), was originally isolated from the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera) in New Zealand and is a member of the insect virus family Nodaviridae (Ball et al, 2000). FHV is a unique example of a virus that crosses the kingdom barrier and multiplies in plants (Selling et al, 1990;Dasgupta et al, 2001) and yeast (Price et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only member of the Nodaviridae family shown to infect mosquitoes is nodamura virus (NOV; Ball & Johnson, 1998;Hendry, 1991). NOV infects cell lines obtained from two mosquito species, Aedes albopictus and Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flock house virus replicates and expresses green fluorescent protein in mosquitoes

Dasgupta

Cheng

Bartholomay

et al. 2003

Journal of General Virology

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Flock house virus (FHV) is a non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of insect origin that belongs to the family Nodaviridae. FHV has been shown to overcome the kingdom barrier and to replicate in plants, insects, yeast and mammalian cells. Although of insect origin, FHV has not previously been shown to replicate in mosquitoes. We have tested FHV replication in vitro in C6/36 cells (derived from neonatal Aedes albopictus) and in vivo in four different genera of mosquitoes, Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Armigeres. FHV replicated to high titres in C6/36 cells that had been subcloned to support maximum growth of FHV. When adult mosquitoes were orally fed or injected with the virus, FHV antigen was detected in various tissues and infectious virus was recovered. Vectors developed from an infectious cDNA clone of a defective-interfering RNA, derived from FHV genomic RNA2, expressed green fluorescent protein in Drosophila cells and adult mosquitoes. This demonstrates the potential of FHV-based vectors for expression of foreign genes in mosquitoes and possibly other insects.

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“…Recently, we characterized a subgenomic RNA3 (0.4 kb), which encodes Protein B2, a suppressor for post-transcriptional gene silencing (Iwamoto et al 2005). These characteristics are similar to those of the insect alphanodaviruses (Ball & Johnson 1998, Schneemann et al 2005 belonging to the other genus of the family Nodaviridae. Based on similarities in the partial RNA2 sequences (so-called T4 region sequences), betanodaviruses have been classified into 4 genotypes, designated striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), and redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) (Nishizawa et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Moreover, some alphanodaviruses translate minor proteins from RNA1 (FHV and BBV, Harper 1994) and RNA2 (PaV, Johnson & Ball 2003), but no minor protein has yet been detected in betanodaviruses. Finally, NoV is the only nodavirus that has been shown to infect warmblooded animals (suckling mice, Ball & Johnson 1998). These divergences in alphanodaviruses suggest that genetic variations of betanodaviruses will increase in the future.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons among the complete genomes of four betanodavirus genotypes

Okinaka¹,

Nakai²

2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Betanodaviruses, the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes and have been classified (based on analysis of RNA2 sequences) into 4 genotypes: tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), and redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). Full-length genomes of TPNNV and BFNNV were sequenced for the first time in this study. Their sequence data and those of SJNNV and RGNNV retrieved from GenBank were compared in order to investigate the relationships among the 4 genotypes. Between TPNNV and BFNNV, sequence identities were relatively high in RNA1 and encoded Protein A, but were not significantly high in RNA2 or the coat protein (CP). Similarly, between BFNNV and RGNNV, the amino acid sequences of CP were highly similar, but identities of RNA1, RNA2, and Protein A sequences were not especially high. Furthermore, multiple alignment data of the 4 genotypes of RNA2 sequences revealed that the TPNNV and SJNNV sequences have the same sizes of gaps and extra sequences at the same positions. Collectively, these apparent contradictions in sequence identity suggest that betanodavirus genomes have been constructed via complex evolutionary processes. KEY WORDS: Betanodavirus · Complete genomic sequence · RNA1 · RNA2 · Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus · Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 80: [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121] 2008 betanodavirus isolates from France, Spain, Tunisia, and Tahiti were classified as RGNNV, and were further divided into 2 distinct subtypes (Thiéry et al. 2004). Phylogenetic analysis of betanodaviruses has been commonly performed using the T4 sequences. However, in some studies, the T2 region (Nishizawa et al. 1994), which covers a larger RNA2 sequence than T4, is also utilized for phylogenetic analysis (e.g. Grotmol et al. 2000, Chi et al. 2003, Johansen et al. 2004. Clinical disease caused by SJNNV and TPNNV has only been reported in striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, respectively. However, recently, SJNNV was found in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, sea bream Sparus aurata and Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis farmed in the Iberian Peninsula -though the samples used were from subclinically infected fish (Thiéry et al. 2004, Cutrín et al. 2007). BFNNV has been isolated from some coldwater species, such as barfin flounder Verasper moseri, Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. RGNNV has a broad host range and causes disease among a variety of warm-water fish species, particularly groupers and sea bass (Munday et al. 2002).As mentioned earlier, betanodavirus isolates have been characterized based on similarities in the partial RNA2 sequences. Thus, not much is known about the RNA1 sequences and the remaining RNA2 region. So far, complete nuc...

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Nodaviruses of Insects

Cited by 58 publications

References 122 publications

Screening of freshwater fish species for their susceptibility to a betanodavirus

Screening of freshwater fish species for their susceptibility to a betanodavirus

Flock house virus replicates and expresses green fluorescent protein in mosquitoes

Comparisons among the complete genomes of four betanodavirus genotypes

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