NOD-Like Receptors in Infection, Immunity, and Diseases

Abstract

Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors similar to toll-like receptors (TLRs). While TLRs are transmembrane receptors, NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors that play a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Based on their N-terminal domain, NLRs are divided into four subfamilies: NLRA, NLRB, NLRC, and NLRP. NLRs can also be divided into four broad functional categories: inflammasome assembly, signaling transduction, transcription activation, and autophagy. In addition to recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs, NLRs act as a key regulator of apoptosis and early development. Therefore, there are significant associations between NLRs and various diseases related to infection and immunity. NLR studies have recently begun to unveil the roles of NLRs in diseases such as gout, cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndromes, and Crohn's disease. As these new associations between NRLs and diseases may improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to new approaches for the prevention and treatment of such diseases, NLRs are becoming increasingly relevant to clinicians. In this review, we provide a concise overview of NLRs and their role in infection, immunity, and disease, particularly from clinical perspectives.

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“…Increasing studies have shown that tissue damage can induce congenital immune reactions to activate Toll-like receptor protein 4 (TLR4), which stimulates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the reconstruction of vascular tunica adventitia [20][21][22]. Although the signal transduction pathways of most members of the TLR family are MyD88-dependent, TLR4 possesses MyD88-dependent and independent pathways for signal transduction [23][24][25].…”

Molecular Mechanisms Used by Salmonella to Evade the Immune System

“…NLRs are soluble cytosolic proteins that usually are composed of three domains: an N-terminal domain that recruits proteases or kinases, a central oligomerization domain and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) that recognize PAMPs. NLRs exist in an autoinhibited conformation that is released upon binding to a PAMP, allowing oligomerization and recruitment of different host ligands depending on the particular NLR (Kim et al, 2016). The NLRs NOD1 and NOD2 induce autophagy to remove pathogens by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry.…”

Colorectal Cancer and NLRP-Current Knowledge

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