No toilet no bride? Intrahousehold bargaining in male-skewed marriage markets in India

Switching to sanitation: Understanding latrine adoption in a representative panel of rural Indian households

“…Thus, these demographic changes are associated with sanitation changes, but they do not radically change the likelihood of it. This is quantitatively consistent with Stopnitzky’s (2016) analysis of a rural sanitation program in Haryana that used the occasion of daughters-in-law marrying into households to promote latrine adoption: each additional marriageable-age boy was associated with only a 4.5 percentage point increase in household latrine ownership.…”

“…Stopnitzky (2016) studies the Haryana government’s “No toilet, no bride” campaign and finds that households are more receptive to messages about latrine construction at times when a young man is getting married – that is, when a new daughter-in-law is entering the household. It is noteworthy, though, that the effect size was quantitatively modest and that Haryana is a relatively wealthy state.…”

Gender Composition of Children and Sanitation Behavior in India

“…Apart from the effects on public health, defecating in open has negative externalities like the potential for harassment of girls and women who go out to defecate in the open. Women value toilets to a greater extent than men because they suffer disproportionately from male harassment when they defecate, urinate, or attend to menstrual hygiene in open(Stopnitzky (2017)). Whether or not households practice open defecation also depends on critical factors like the region a household lives in (for example urban vs. rural) and how rich or poor they are.…”

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) behaviour change research: why an analysis of contingencies of reinforcement is needed

“…Potential reinforcers Drinking treated water, or treating water for drinking -Better health (e.g. 'fewer stomach problems) (Rainey and Harding 2006) -Improved taste, smell and appearance of treated water, compared to untreated water (Ngai, Shrestha, Dangol, Maharjan, & Murcott, 2007) -Approval and admiration by others for using water treatment technology (Trinies et al, 2011), including by researchers (Wood, Foster, & Kols, 2012) -Social interaction when collecting the water from safe source (Mosler, Blöchliger, & Inauen, 2010) -Avoiding criticism ('social pressure') (Graf et al, 2008) Using a toilet or latrine -Convenience, cleanliness and good health (Jenkins & Scott, 2007) -More chances to find a female partner and marry (Stopnitzky, 2017) -Avoid social embarrassment for not using a toilet/latrine (O'Reilly & Louis, 2014) -Avoid issues with neighbours for defecating in or near their land (O'Reilly & Louis, 2014) -Avoiding being seen defecating in the open, and avoiding the issues of going to the bushes, e.g. being bit by animals, robbers, getting faeces stolen for sorcery (Jenkins & Curtis, 2005) Washing hands or body -Avoiding disease/contamination, avoiding bad smell (Curtis, Danquah, & Aunger, 2009) -Being accepted/approved by others (including children not being bullied by others for smelling bad) (Scott et al, 2007); avoiding rejection for bad smell, or being called dirty (Scott et al, 2007) -Sexual attractiveness (Aunger et al, 2010;Curtis et al, 2009) observed but it is unclear how well other guidelines were followed (e.g.…”