2002
DOI: 10.2307/1559419
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No Longer Invisible: Arab and Muslim Exclusion after September 11

Abstract: Lui rn Crii' nlike other ascribed and self-described "people of color" in the United States, Arabs are often hidden under the Caucasian label, if not forgotten altogether. But eleven months after September 11, 2001, the Arab-American is no longer invisible. Whether traveling, driving, working, walking through a neighborhood or sitting in their homes, Arabs in America-citizens and non-citizens-are now subject to special scrutiny in American society. The violence, discrimination, defamation and intolerance now f… Show more

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Cited by 85 publications
(63 citation statements)
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“…Lastly, but not to be overlooked, we examine an understudied group in the discrimination literature, Hijabis. Given the rise of tension resulting from the increasing presence of Muslims in the western landscape (Cainkar, 2002), it is important for research to attempt to gain a deeper understanding of contemporary social issues concerning discrimination in the workplace and to provide new insights regarding the experiences of this particular minority group as they navigate the American work context. Below, we review the extant literature on religious discrimination in the workplace and explain why Hijabis have come to be a stigmatized group in the USA today.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Lastly, but not to be overlooked, we examine an understudied group in the discrimination literature, Hijabis. Given the rise of tension resulting from the increasing presence of Muslims in the western landscape (Cainkar, 2002), it is important for research to attempt to gain a deeper understanding of contemporary social issues concerning discrimination in the workplace and to provide new insights regarding the experiences of this particular minority group as they navigate the American work context. Below, we review the extant literature on religious discrimination in the workplace and explain why Hijabis have come to be a stigmatized group in the USA today.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ahmad, 2002cf. Ahmad, , 2004Bayoumi, 2008;Cainkar, 2002Cainkar, , 2003Cainkar, , 2004Cainkar, , 2005Chon & Arzt 2005;Cole, 2003, pp. 47-56;Daulatzai, 2007;Fernandes, 2007;Human Rights Watch, 2002;Maira, 2004Maira, , 2009Maira, , 2010Puar, 2007;Puar & Rai, 2002;Saito, 2001;Volpp, 2002).…”
Section: "Ilegalidade" E Incorrigibilidadeunclassified
“…Ahmad, 2002cf. Ahmad, , 2004Bayoumi, 2008;Cainkar, 2002Cainkar, , 2003Cainkar, , 2004Cainkar, , 2005Chon & Arzt 2005;Cole, 2003, pp. 47-56;Daulatzai, 2007;Fernandes, 2007;Human Rights Watch, 2002;Maira, 2004Maira, , 2009Maira, , 2010Puar, 2007;Puar & Rai, 2002;Saito, 2001;Volpp, 2002).…”
Section: "Illegality" and Incorrigibilityunclassified