No change is a good change? Restrictive deterrence in illegal drug markets

Gallupe, Owen; Bouchard, Martin; Caulkins, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.12.002

Cited by 36 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although offenders face many risks, research indicates that experienced offenders develop a set of specialized skills designed to avoid detection from law enforcement (e.g., Holt, Blevins, & Kuhns, 2014;Jacobs, 1999;Jacques & Reynald, 2012;Wright & Decker, 1997). Theoretically, this branch of research is consistent with work on restrictive deterrence and examines the risk reduction and arrest avoidance strategies of offenders (Gallupe, Bouchard, & Caulkins, 2011;Jacobs, 1993Jacobs, , 1996Jacques & Allen, 2014). A key idea from this research is that offenders do not passively accept risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

A little information goes a long way: Expertise and identity theft

Vieraitis¹,

Copes²,

Powell³

et al. 2015

Aggression and Violent Behavior

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

A little information goes a long way: Expertise and identity theft

Vieraitis¹,

Copes²,

Powell³

et al. 2015

Aggression and Violent Behavior

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“…Implicit in our use of criminal competence to study the risk of being arrested is that offenders who score high on indicators of competence are behaving in ways that decrease these risks for themselves. A growing set of studies have recently drawn from the concept of restrictive deterrence (Gibbs, 1975;Jacobs, 2010) to examine arrest avoidance behaviors among offenders (Beauregard & Bouchard, 2010;Gallupe, Bouchard & Caulkins, 2011). The current study, however, is unable to measure the specific ways in which offenders may have changed their behavior in order to avoid detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Only a Matter of Time? The Role of Criminal Competence in Avoiding Arrest

Ouellet¹,

Bouchard

2016

Justice Quarterly

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While prior research has shown that the probability of detection plays a role in the decision-making of many offenders, much less is known on offenders' relative success in avoiding arrest. In this study, we draw from detailed criminal career data on 172 offenders involved in lucrative criminal activities to examine the role of criminal competence in the probability of being arrested in a given month. We examine a particular aspect of competence, criminal efficiency, which is defined as the ability to earn a relatively large amount of money for each crime committed. Our research design allows us to disentangle the effect of criminal efficiency as a static trait of offenders from the dynamic variations in efficiency that offenders experience over time. Results show that efficiency is a strong, negative predictor of arrest, both at the static and dynamic levels.

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“…Finally, contemporary theoreticians distinguish between the ability of sanction threats to prevent criminal involvement completely (absolute deterrence) and the effect of punishment threats in reducing the frequency and severity of individual offending (restrictive deterrence) (Gibbs, ; Jacobs, ). Surprisingly, although extensive research has evaluated how the former two dimensions of deterrence shape involvement in crime by an individual (Pratt et al., ), only meager research has examined aspects of restrictive deterrence (Paternoster, ) and its impact on the expression of crime (Gallupe, Bouchard, and Caulkins, ; Jacobs, , ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although Gibbs contended that the “deterrent effect of punishment is largely restrictive” (1975: 34), systematic empirical investigations of this concept are still preliminary and relatively scarce (Jacobs, , , ; Jacobs and Cherbonneau, ; Jacobs and Miller, ; Gallupe, Bouchard, and Caulkins, ; Paternoster, ; Wright and Decker, ). Specifically, most of the prior research that has dealt with this concept has been qualitative in nature (Jacobs, , , ; Jacobs and Cherbonneau, ) and has drawn on relatively small samples (Beauregard and Bouchard, ; Jacobs, ; Jacobs and Cherbonneau, ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restrictive Deterrent Effects of a Warning Banner in an Attacked Computer System

et al. 2013

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System trespassing by computer intruders is a growing concern among millions of Internet users. However, little research has employed criminological insights to explore the effectiveness of security means to deter unauthorized access to computer systems. Drawing on the deterrence perspective, we employ a large set of target computers built for the sole purpose of being attacked and conduct two independent experiments to investigate the influence of a warning banner on the progression, frequency, and duration of system trespassing incidents. In both experiments, the target computers (86 computers in the first experiment and 502 computers in the second) were set either to display or not to display a warning banner once intruders had successfully infiltrated the systems; 1,058 trespassing incidents were observed in the first experiment and 3,768 incidents in the second. The findings reveal that although a warning banner does not lead to an immediate termination or a reduction in the frequency of trespassing incidents, it significantly reduces their duration. Moreover, we find that the effect of a warning message on the duration of repeated trespassing incidents is attenuated in computers with a large bandwidth capacity. These findings emphasize the relevance of restrictive deterrence constructs in the study of system trespassing.System trespassing, which is defined as "illegally gaining access to one or more computer systems after exploiting security vulnerabilities or defeating a security barrier" (McQuade, 2006: 83), is one of the fastest growing areas of cybercrime (Furnell, 2002). According to a recent survey of more than 580 information technology (IT) practitioners employed by large organizations and governmental agencies, 90 percent of U.S.

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No change is a good change? Restrictive deterrence in illegal drug markets

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

A little information goes a long way: Expertise and identity theft

A little information goes a long way: Expertise and identity theft

Only a Matter of Time? The Role of Criminal Competence in Avoiding Arrest

Restrictive Deterrent Effects of a Warning Banner in an Attacked Computer System

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