Nitrous Oxide for Pain in Labor‐‐Why Not in the United States?

Rooks, Judith P.

doi:10.1111/j.1523-536x.2006.00150.x

Cited by 33 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Our results were in line with previous studies (Douglas and Levinson, 2001;Faddy and Garlick, 2005;Rooks, 2007;Latto et al, 1973;Bishop, 2007;Evans et al, 1995;Jones et al, 1969;McAneny, 1963). However, in contrast, one prospective non-randomized study, labor pain was more severe in primi-gravid women that were administered nitrous oxide as compared to those that were given pethidine (Keskin et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The maximum effect of nitrous oxide appears at a concentration of 70%, and it has been shown to relieve labor pain in approximately two-thirds of women (Rooks, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reasons are probably related to the ease of administration of nitrous oxide, its lack of flammability, absence of pungent odor, minimal toxicity, minimal depression of cardio vascular system, lack of effect on uterine contractility and the fact that it does not trigger malignant hyperthermia (Rooks, 2007). Entonox is administered either intermittently, starting with the onset of pain with each contraction and discontinuing as the contraction pain eases or abates, or continuously, by inhaling both during and between contractions (Rooks, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It takes effect in about 50 s after the first breath, and the effect is transient and gone when it is no longer needed (Rooks, 2007). The flow of gas into the mask is initiated by the negative pressure of inhalation, which opens a demand valve.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrous oxide is an odorless, tasteless and inhaled analgesic (Faddy and Garlick, 2005), and it was found to be an effective analgesia for many women while also being safe for the mothers and babies (Rooks, 2007). Nowadays, nitrous oxide is widely used in many countries for relieving labor pain (Rooks, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Nitrous oxide versus pethidine with promethasine for reducing labor pain

Teimoori¹,

Sakhavar²,

Mirteimoori³

et al. 2011

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Systemic opioids are widely used for the relief of labor pain. Self-administered nitrous oxide with concentration of 50% is a new form of analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and side effects of the patient controlled inhaled nitrous oxide (50% ''Entonox'') with systemic intramuscular pethidine, in reducing pain during normal vaginal labor in Iranian population. In a randomized controlled study, the analgesic efficacy of inhaled 50% nitrous oxide (Entonox) was evaluated as compared to intra muscular pethidine for reducing labor pain among 100 women undergoing normal vaginal delivery. Mean maternal age was 26.2 and 27.2 years in entonox and pethidine groups, respectively. Duration of first and second stages was significantly shorter in patients receiving nitrous oxide as analgesia as compared to pethidine group (P < 0.05). Pain severity according to visual analog scale (VAS) score was significantly lower in patient that received nitrous oxide (P = 0.0001). We also showed significantly higher satisfaction of pain reduction in nitrous oxide group during labor (P = 0.01). No significant difference was observed among the groups regarding neonatal complications. Although, nitrous oxide is certainly not a potent analgesic, we found that it has more beneficial effects than pethidine in parturient women which is yet to be cleared.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The maximum effect of nitrous oxide appears at a concentration of 70%, and it has been shown to relieve labor pain in approximately two-thirds of women (Rooks, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%