Nitrosative Stress in Retinal Pathologies: Review

Cantó, Antolín; Olivar, Teresa; Romero, Francisco J.; Miranda, María

doi:10.3390/antiox8110543

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…In the retina, nitric oxide is required for normal visual function. Although nitric oxide is itself a radical, its reactivity is low compared to the oxidative products, for example, dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 ) and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ), can be generated in the presence of concomitant oxidative stress [124]. This can lead to nitrosative stress following the reaction of these reactive products with molecules, such as proteins, lipids and DNA [125,126].…”

Section: The Contribution Of Microglia To Retinal and Choroidal Neovamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia Contribution to the Regulation of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Alves

Fernandes

Santiago

et al. 2020

Cells

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The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue with high-level consumption of nutrients and oxygen. This high metabolic demand requires a properly developed and maintained vascular system. The retina is nourished by two systems: the central retinal artery that supplies the inner retina and the choriocapillaris that supplies the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Pathological neovascularization, characterized by endothelial cell proliferation and new vessel formation, is a common hallmark in several retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A limited number of studies have suggested that microglia, the resident immune cells of the retina, have an important role not only in the pathology but also in the formation and physiology of the retinal vascular system. Here, we review the current knowledge on microglial interaction with the retinal vascular system under physiological and pathological conditions. To do so, we first highlight the role of microglial cells in the formation and maintenance of the retinal vasculature system. Thereafter, we discuss the molecular signaling mechanisms through which microglial cells contribute to the alterations in retinal and choroidal vasculatures and to the neovascularization in AMD.

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Section: The Contribution Of Microglia To Retinal and Choroidal Neovamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia Contribution to the Regulation of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Alves

Fernandes

Santiago

et al. 2020

Cells

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“…Recently, the gradual accumulation of evidence has suggested that the imbalance of oxidative stress may play an important role in the RGC damage of PACG [6][7][8][9][10]. Goyal et al [7] performed a case-control study which reported a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, which were found in the aqueous humor of PACG patients compared to cataract patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Visual Field Progression in Patients with Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

Shao

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Purpose. To investigate the serum changes of oxidative stress markers and the relationship between these factors and visual field (VF) progression in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods. A case-control and a prospective cohort study. A total of 94 patients with PACG and 89 normal controls were enrolled. Furthermore, 94 PACG subjects were followed up for at least two years (once every six months). All participants were evaluated for serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and detailed eye and systematic examination. Binary logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed. Results. The serum levels of SOD and TAS in the PACG group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.001). Meanwhile, PACG subjects had significantly higher levels of MDA and H2O2 than the normal control subjects (p<0.001). Serum levels of TAS (OR=0.773, 95%CI=0.349−0.714, p<0.001), SOD (OR=0.975, 95%CI=0.955−0.995, p<0.001), MDA (OR=1.155, 95%CI=1.080−1.235, p<0.001), and H2O2 (OR=1.216, 95%CI=1.142−1.295, p<0.001) were independent risk/protective factors for PACG. TAS levels (HR=0.041, 95%CI=0.008–0.218, p<0.001), SOD levels (HR=0.983, 95%CI=0.971–0.994, p=0.003), and MDA levels (HR=1.010, 95%CI=1.001–1.018, p=0.015) at baseline were associated with visual field progression. Kaplan–Meier curves reveal that patients with TAS<0.95/SOD<143/MDA>12 had a significantly higher percentage of PACG progression (p<0.05). Conclusions. Decreased levels of TAS and SOD as well as increased levels of MDA at baseline were associated with VF progression in patients with PACG. These findings suggest that oxidative stress was involved in the onset and development of PACG.

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“…19,20 In addition, the retina has a high level of nitric oxide (NO), a widespread neurotransmitter in this tissue. 21,22 However, NO may also interact with oxygen and superoxide anion, generating reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and peroxynitrite, which are extremely neurotoxic. [21][22][23] Although continuous light deprivation has been proposed as a potential factor to prevent retinal degeneration in RP, 20,[24][25][26][27] the retinal daily exposure to light is almost inevitable in patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradual Increase in Environmental Light Intensity Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Accelerates Retinal Neurodegeneration

Kutsyr

Sánchez‐Sáez

Martínez‐Gil

et al. 2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding neurodegenerative disease of the retina that can be affected by many factors. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of different environmental light intensities in rd10 mice retina. METHODS. C57BL/6J and rd10 mice were bred and housed under three different environmental light intensities: scotopic (5 lux), mesopic (50 lux), and photopic (300 lux). Visual function was studied using electroretinography and optomotor testing. The structural and morphological integrity of the retinas was evaluated by optical coherence tomography imaging and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blotting. RESULTS. When the environmental light intensity was higher, retinal function decreased in rd10 mice and was accompanied by light-dependent photoreceptor loss, followed by morphological alterations, and synaptic connectivity loss. Moreover, light-dependent retinal degeneration was accompanied by an increased number of inflammatory cells, which became more activated and phagocytic, and by an exacerbated reactive gliosis. Furthermore, light-dependent increment in oxidative stress markers in rd10 mice retina pointed to a possible mechanism for light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. CONCLUSIONS. An increase in rd10 mice housing light intensity accelerates retinal degeneration, activating cell death, oxidative stress pathways, and inflammatory cells. Lighting intensity is a key factor in the progression of retinal degeneration, and standardized lighting conditions are advisable for proper analysis and interpretation of experimental results from RP animal models, and specifically from rd10 mice. Also, it can be hypothesized that light protection could be an option to slow down retinal degeneration in some cases of RP.

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Nitrosative Stress in Retinal Pathologies: Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 77 publications

Microglia Contribution to the Regulation of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Microglia Contribution to the Regulation of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Relationship between Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Visual Field Progression in Patients with Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

Gradual Increase in Environmental Light Intensity Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Accelerates Retinal Neurodegeneration

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