Nitrogenated graphene and carbon nanomaterials by carbonization of polyfurfuryl alcohol in the presence of urea and dicyandiamide

Beckert, M.; Menzel, M.; Tölle, Folke Johannes; Bruchmann, Bernd; Mülhaupt, Rolf

doi:10.1039/c4gc01676a

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…At temperatures higher than 700 °C, g-C 3 N 4 started to decompose and N doping occurred simultaneously to form the NCs with a flake-like morphology [ 33 , 34 ]. The derived g-C 3 N 4 played two important roles in the formation of NCs, it acted as a nitrogen source and as the in situ template [ 35 ]. The as-prepared NCs exhibited not only comparable ORR activity to commercial 20 wt% Pt/C, but also superior long-term durability and methanol crossover resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon Nanoflakes as Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Zhou

et al. 2017

Nano-Micro Lett.

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A series of N-doped carbon materials (NCs) were synthesized by using biomass citric acid and dicyandiamide as renewable raw materials via a facile one-step pyrolysis method. The characterization of microstructural features shows that the NCs samples are composed of few-layered graphene-like nanoflakes with controlled in situ N doping, which is attributed to the confined pyrolysis of citric acid within the interlayers of the dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 with high nitrogen contents. Evidently, the pore volumes of the NCs increased with the increasing content of dicyandiamide in the precursor. Among these samples, the NCs nanoflakes prepared with the citric acid/dicyandiamide mass ratio of 1:6, NC-6, show the highest N content of ~6.2 at%, in which pyridinic and graphitic N groups are predominant. Compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, the as-prepared NC-6 exhibits a small negative shift of ~66 mV at the half-wave potential, demonstrating excellent electrocatalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction. Moreover, NC-6 also shows better long-term stability and resistance to methanol crossover compared to Pt/C. The efficient and stable performance are attributed to the graphene-like microstructure and high content of pyridinic and graphitic doped nitrogen in the sample, which creates more active sites as well as facilitating charge transfer due to the close four-electron reaction pathway. The superior electrocatalytic activity coupled with the facile synthetic method presents a new pathway to cost-effective electrocatalysts for practical fuel cells or metal–air batteries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon Nanoflakes as Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Zhou

et al. 2017

Nano-Micro Lett.

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“…In the present research, a thermally removable template route was adopted to prepared N-functionalized graphene materials via one-pot pyrolysis of glucose and dicyandiamide at high temperature. During this process, dicyandiamide acts as not only the precursor for forming 2D g-C 3 N 4 as the thermally decomposable template but also the nitrogen source for N-doped graphene . As presented in Figure , glucose was carbonized in the presence of dicyandiamide in a staged pyrolysis process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the direct carbonization of organic precursors and high-nitrogen-content molecules (e.g., melamine, urea, NH 4 Cl, etc.) could lead to the formation of nitrogen-doped wrinkled graphene materials . However, these N-doped graphene wrinkles have not been studied as electrocatalysts toward the ORR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thermally Decomposable Template Route to Synthesize Nitrogen-Doped Wrinkled Carbon Nanosheets as Highly Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Wang

Yan

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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We successfully developed a thermally decomposable template route to prepare wrinkled carbon nanosheets with a high level of nitrogen functional moieties by direct carbonization of biomass glucose and dicyandiamide as the renewable feedstocks. Confined pyrolysis of glucose within the interlayers of dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 as a thermally removable template results in the formation of two-dimensional (2D) wrinkled carbon nanosheets as well as simultaneous high-level nitrogen doping. The textural properties and nitrogen contents could be controlled by adjusting the mass ratio of glucose/dicyandiamide. Among various samples, the sample prepared with the dicyandiamide/glucose mass ratio of 7/1 has optimal activity for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction (onset potential −0.12 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE); limiting current density 4.73 mA/cm2) in 0.1 M KOH solution, the half-wave potential of which is only 67 mV larger than that for 20 wt % Pt/C. Moreover, it demonstrates a highly efficient four-electron reaction process, as well as superior durability and tolerance to MeOH crossover to Pt/C. The excellent activity is mainly attributed to the high content of pyridinic and graphitic-N groups, highly graphitized structures, and wrinkled 2D nanostructures, efficiently promoting the increased exposure of actives sites and fast mass/electron transfer.

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“…However, tannin-glyoxal (TG) resin prepared in the laboratory has low viscosity and weak water resistance (Zhang et al 2019). In contrast, urea is inexpensive, has good reactivity and can be reacted with tannin and glyoxal to form a high molecular weight condensate with improved mechanical properties (Li et al 2015, Beckert et al 2015. Consequently, research on tannin, glyoxal and urea focused on ascertaining the feasibility of tannin-glyoxal-urea (TGU) resin-based abrasive grinding wheels with high hardness, enhanced water resistance and good mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and performance of tannin-glyoxal-urea resin-bonded grinding wheel loaded with SiO2 reinforcing particles

Zhang

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2021

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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In this study, an easily prepared bio-based abrasive grinding wheel based on tannin-glyoxal-urea (TGU) thermosetting matrix is presented.The synthesised resin was prepared via co-polycondensation reaction of glyoxal and ureawith condensed tannin, which is a forest-derived product. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry results confirmed that urea and glyoxal react well under acidic conditions and that -(OH)CH-NH-group is primarily involved in TGU cross-linking. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis investigations showed that the preparation of TGU resin is easier compared to commercial phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin; moreover, TGU resin has a more robust chemical network structure, which contributes efficiently to heat resistance and improved mechanical properties. This observation is supported by Brinell hardness, compression resistance and grinding testing; these showed that the new grinding wheel acquired higher hardness, superior resistance against compression and stronger abrasion resistance compared with a PFbased grinding wheel prepared in the laboratory. Moreover, few holes and no cracks were found in the new grinding wheel.

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Nitrogenated graphene and carbon nanomaterials by carbonization of polyfurfuryl alcohol in the presence of urea and dicyandiamide

Abstract: Nitrogenated multilayer graphene is prepared from renewable feedstocks in a cost-efficient route to meet the emerging demand for graphene-based materials.

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon Nanoflakes as Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Facile Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon Nanoflakes as Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A Thermally Decomposable Template Route to Synthesize Nitrogen-Doped Wrinkled Carbon Nanosheets as Highly Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Preparation and performance of tannin-glyoxal-urea resin-bonded grinding wheel loaded with SiO2 reinforcing particles

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