Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is one of the promising nutrients for lawn growth and is required for the lawn’s proper growth and development, but it also increases mowing frequency. Glyphosate herbicide application in sub-doses, as a growth regulator, can reduce the maintenance costs without any adverse reduction in the density and nutritional status of grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of nitrogen and glyphosate doses on the growth, aesthetic quality and nutritional status of emerald grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). The experiment was conducted at the Research and Extension Education Farm of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, in an Ultisol. The experiment was designed as a randomized block with 12 treatments arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with 4 replications, comprised of a control (without N), 15 and 30 g N m−2 of urea, applied in five splits annually, and glyphosate doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha−1 of the active ingredient, a.i.). The split N fertilization at the rate of 15 g m−2 and glyphosate at the dose of 400 g ha−1 maintained nutritional status of emerald grass. Nitrogen at the rate 15 g N m−2 (in five splits per year) was observed to produce lower growth traits, an adequate aesthetic quality and longer stability of the nutrients in emerald grasses through lower exportation, with removal of “clipping” after mowing. In addition, glyphosate, at the dose of 400 g a.i. ha−1, was efficient in reducing the leaf area, plant height, shoot dry matter and total dry matter by 18.3, 14.7, 6.8 and 8.1%, respectively, as compared to the control. However, this dose did not impair the coloration and resulted in a lower exportation of nutrients by reducing the need to replenish by fertilization. Therefore, fertilization with 15 g N m−2, associated with application of 400 g a.i. ha−1 of glyphosate, is recommended for emerald grass in the tropical savannah of Brazil.

Metabolic Effects of Elicitors on the Biosynthesis of Tropane Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants

“…In recent years, new plant growth regulators have been discovered and applied in the production of TAs as elicitors. Glyphosate belongs to the organophosphorus herbicide class and functions as a plant growth regulator [109]. It reduced the content of phenylalanine in jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) seedlings, reduced the content of tropinone and tropine at 10 −7 and 10 −6 M, as well as the expression of PMT mRNA transcripts in roots at 10 −6 M. Although no direct influence on the content of hyoscyamine and scopolamine was revealed, a significant inhibitory effect can be inferred [110].…”