Nitrogen dioxide exposures inside ice skating rinks.

Bräuer, Michael; Spengler, John D.

doi:10.2105/ajph.84.3.429

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…In the case of diesel, fine particle emissions are likely to be higher than for gasoline or propane. These emission patterns were reflected clearly in the air quality results of our previous ice rink survey in the U.S. 23 As expected, the rink characteristics differed by country in the present study (Table 1). For example, the rinks in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic had relatively low indoor NO 2 concentrations, probably because the proportion of diesel-powered resurfacers was higher there than in the other countries.…”

Section: Determinants Of Indoor Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…23 This earlier survey identified high NO 2 concentrations in many of the indoor ice skating facilities. Because non-enclosed facilities were also included, the survey results indicated clearly that NO 2 concentrations were higher in enclosed facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The mean concentration measured at the bench location of enclosed facilities was 360 ppb, with a range of 3-2140 ppb. In a simple economic analysis of control measures, the authors concluded that for North American facilities, the most feasible long-term control strategy was to replace internal combustion enginepowered resurfacers with electric-or battery-powered machines, 23 although the authors did not consider retrofitting or purchasing resurfacers with advanced emission controls such as lambda-controlled, 3-way catalytic converters. 24,25 In a companion investigation to the previous U.S. survey, Lee and colleagues evaluated the effectiveness of several simple mitigation techniques to reduce indoor NO 2 levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen Dioxide in Indoor Ice Skating Facilities: An International Survey

Bräuer

Lee²,

Spengler

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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second indoor sample (collected at a spectator's area) was 221 ppb, with a range of 1-3,175 ppb. The ratio of the indoor to outdoor NO 2 concentrations was above 1 for 95% of the rinks sampled, indicating the presence of an indoor NO 2 source (mean indoor:outdoor ratio = 20). Estimates of short-term NO 2 concentrations indicated that as many as 40% of the sampled rinks would have exceeded the World Health Organization 1-hour guideline value of 213 ppb NO 2 for indoor air.Statistically significant associations were observed between NO 2 levels and the type of fuel used to power the resurfacer, ABSTRACTAn international survey of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) levels inside indoor ice skating facilities was conducted. One-week average NO 2 concentrations were measured inside and outside of 332 ice rinks located in nine countries. Each rink manager also completed a questionnaire describing the building, the resurfacing machines, and their use patterns. The (arithmetic) mean NO 2 level for all rinks in the study was 228 ppb, with a range of 1-2,680 ppb, based on a sample collected at breathing height and adjacent to the ice surface. The mean of the Brauer, Lee, Spengler, Salonen, Pennanen, Braathen, Mihalikova, Miskovic, Nozaki, Tsuzuki, Rui-Jin, Xu, Qing-Xiang, Drahonovska, and Kjaergaard Journal of the Air & Waste Management AssociationVolume 47 October 1997 the absence of a catalytic converter on a resurfacer, and the use of an ice edger. There were also indications that decreased use of mechanical ventilation, increased number of resurfacing operations per day, and smaller rink volumes were associated with increased NO 2 levels. In rinks where the main resurfacer was powered by propane, the NO 2 concentrations were higher than in those with gasoline-powered resurfacers, while the latter had NO 2 concentrations higher than in those using diesel. Rinks where the main resurfacer was electric had the lowest indoor NO 2 concentrations, similar to the levels measured outdoors.

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Section: Determinants Of Indoor Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nitrogen Dioxide in Indoor Ice Skating Facilities: An International Survey

Bräuer

Lee²,

Spengler

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…[8][9][10][11] In addition, other studies have reported NO 2 concentrations within a range in which acute adverse health effects might be expected. [12][13][14] It has also been shown that high NO 2 levels can be found in indoor ice arenas of other countries besides the United States and Canada. 2,15 The aims of the present study were: (1) to characterize the indoor air quality problems in a small sample of Finnish ice arenas by simultaneous measurement of several pollutants (CO, NO, NO 2 , and VOCs), (2) to compare the air quality results with health-based indoor air guidelines and occupational limit values, and (3) to assess the possible health risks associated with the measured air pollutant levels in ice arenas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Air Quality Problems in Five Finnish Indoor Ice Arenas

Pennanen¹,

Salonen²,

Aim³

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The air quality in five Finnish ice arenas with different volumes, ventilation systems, and resurfacer power sources (propane, gasoline, electric) was monitored during a usual training evening and a standardized, simulated ice hockey game. The measurements included continuous recording of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, and sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Emissions from the ice resurfacers with combustion engines caused indoor air quality problems in all ice arenas. The highest 1-hour average CO and NO2 concentrations ranged from 20 to 33 mg/m3 (17 to 29 ppm) and 270 to 7440 micrograms/m3 (0.14 to 3.96 ppm), respectively. The 3-hour total VOC concentrations ranged from 150 to 1200 micrograms/m3. The highest CO and VOC levels were measured in the arena in which a gasoline-fueled resurfacer was used. The highest NO2 levels were measured in small ice arenas with propane-fueled ice resurfacers and insufficient ventilation. In these arenas, the indoor NO2 levels were about 100 times the levels measured in ambient outdoor air, and the highest 1-hour concentrations were about 20 times the national and World Health Organization (WHO) health-based air quality guidelines. The air quality was fully acceptable only in the arena with an electric resurfacer. The present study showed that the air quality problems of indoor ice arenas may vary with the fuel type of resurfacer and the volume and ventilation of arena building. It also confirmed that there are severe air quality problems in Finnish ice arenas similar to those previously described in North America.

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“…Both the indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO 2 were higher in cities where at least 75% of the homes had gas stoves; for example, the mean outdoor NO 2 concentration in such gas-intensive cities was 38 ± 20 ppb, compared to 14 ± 6 ppb in cities where fewer than 25% of the households had gas stoves installed. High concentrations of NO 2 have also been measured in indoor skating rinks where the use of ice resurfacing machines powered by propane, gasoline, or diesel fuel results in significant emissions (e.g., Brauer & Spengler, 1994;Brauer et al, 1997;Pennanen et al, 1997). Mean concentrations of NO 2 of ~200 ppb have been reported, with some rinks having concentrations up to 3 ppm!…”

Section: Oxides Of Nitrogen 221 Noxmentioning

confidence: 99%