Nitrogen Dioxide in Indoor Ice Skating Facilities: An International Survey

Bräuer, Michael; Lee, Ki-Young; Spengler, John D.; Salonen, Raimo O.; Pennanen, Arto; Braathen, Ole Anders; Mihalíková, Eva; Miskovic, Peter; Nozaki, Atsuo; Tsuzuki, Toshifumi; Rui-Jin, Song; Xu, Yang; Qing-Xiang, Zeng; Drahonovská, Hana; Kjærgaard, Søren K.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1997.10464399

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, little is known about the impact of frequent, short-term exposure to high concentrations of NO 2 . In the present study of ice arenas, NO 2 concentrations ranged from 29-1,015 mg?m -3 (mean 276 mg?m -3 ), and concentrations of the same magnitude of NO 2 have been reported by others [6,7]. The wide range of concentrations could probably be explained by differences in ventilation systems, type and function of catalytic converter, size of the arena and activity on the ice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Controlled exposure studies show an increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness in normal subjects at concentrations w2,000 mg?m -3 and w200 mg?m -3 in asthmatics [6,11]. However, little is known about the impact of frequent, short-term exposure to high concentrations of NO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High concentrations of NO 2 may occur in ice arenas when propane-or gasoline-powered iceresurfacing machines are used [6]. Outbreaks of respiratory illness have been reported after exposure to very high concentrations of NO 2 in ice arenas, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asthma in children exposed to nitrogen dioxide in ice arenas

Thunqvist

Lilja²,

Wickman³

et al. 2002

European Respiratory Journal

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Very high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) have been measured in arenas using combustion engine-powered resurfacing machines. This study was performed to compare the occurrence of asthma in children playing ice hockey in arenas using propane-powered machines and in children attending arenas using electric machines.Children regularly playing hockey in the arenas (nine propane, six electric) were sent a questionnaire, including questions on allergic disease and risk factors. Measurements of NO 2 were performed with passive diffusion samplers during 3 consecutive days.The mean NO 2 concentration in the propane arenas was 276 mg?m -3 (range 28-1015 mg?m -3 ) and 11 mg?m -3 (2-30) in the electric arenas. Questionnaires were answered by 1,536 children (78%), with an overall prevalence of asthma of 16%. The odds ratio (OR) for asthma was 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-1.2) comparing propane arenas to electric. However, children in propane arenas with higher than median concentration of NO 2 reported more wheezing (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9) and nasal symptoms (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3) than children in propane arenas with lower concentrations.In conclusion, children playing ice hockey in indoor arenas have a high prevalence of asthma, but it appears unlikely that increased exposure to combustion products, including nitrogen dioxide, is a major contributor to this excess risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asthma in children exposed to nitrogen dioxide in ice arenas

Thunqvist

Lilja²,

Wickman³

et al. 2002

European Respiratory Journal

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“…Although HONO is generated during combustion, for example in gas stoves and space heaters, [14][15][16][17]20 it is clear that the heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO 2 on the materials inside homes plays a significant role. High levels of nitrogen dioxide are often found inside commercial facilities such as ice skating rinks, 213 and hence formation of nitrous acid is expected in these cases as well.…”

Section: Indoorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in laboratory systems and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism

Finlayson-Pitts

Wingen

Sumner

et al. 2002

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

600

767

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The heterogeneous reaction of NO 2 with water on the surface of laboratory systems has been known for decades to generate HONO, a major source of OH that drives the formation of ozone and other air pollutants in urban areas and possibly in snowpacks. Previous studies have shown that the reaction is first order in NO 2 and in water vapor, and the formation of a complex between NO 2 and water at the air-water interface has been hypothesized as being the key step in the mechanism. We report data from long path FTIR studies in borosilicate glass reaction chambers of the loss of gaseous NO 2 and the formation of the products HONO, NO and N 2 O. Further FTIR studies were carried out to measure species generated on the surface during the reaction, including HNO 3 , N 2 O 4 and NO 2 + . We propose a new reaction mechanism in which we hypothesize that the symmetric form of the NO 2 dimer, N 2 O 4 , is taken up on the surface and isomerizes to the asymmetric form, ONONO 2 . The latter autoionizes to NO + NO 3 À , and it is this intermediate that reacts with water to generate HONO and surface-adsorbed HNO 3 . Nitric oxide is then generated by secondary reactions of HONO on the highly acidic surface. This new mechanism is discussed in the context of our experimental data and those of previous studies, as well as the chemistry of such intermediates as NO + and NO 2 + that is known to occur in solution. Implications for the formation of HONO both outdoors and indoors in real and simulated polluted atmospheres, as well as on airborne particles and in snowpacks, are discussed. A key aspect of this chemistry is that in the atmospheric boundary layer where human exposure occurs and many measurements of HONO and related atmospheric constituents such as ozone are made, a major substrate for this heterogeneous chemistry is the surface of buildings, roads, soils, vegetation and other materials. This area of reactions in thin films on surfaces (SURFACE ¼ Surfaces, Urban and Remote: Films As a Chemical Environment) has received relatively little attention compared to reactions in the gas and liquid phases, but in fact may be quite important in the chemistry of the boundary layer in urban areas.

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“…Both the indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO 2 were higher in cities where at least 75% of the homes had gas stoves; for example, the mean outdoor NO 2 concentration in such gas-intensive cities was 38 ± 20 ppb, compared to 14 ± 6 ppb in cities where fewer than 25% of the households had gas stoves installed. High concentrations of NO 2 have also been measured in indoor skating rinks where the use of ice resurfacing machines powered by propane, gasoline, or diesel fuel results in significant emissions (e.g., Brauer & Spengler, 1994;Brauer et al, 1997;Pennanen et al, 1997). Mean concentrations of NO 2 of ~200 ppb have been reported, with some rinks having concentrations up to 3 ppm!…”

Section: Oxides Of Nitrogen 221 Noxmentioning

confidence: 97%