“…Therefore, to solve these problems, authors such as Tang [ 68 ] and Huang [ 69 ] proposed strategies such as the evaluation of different catalysts or the two-step approach for HTL. Miranda [ 70 ] reported that, by varying the nitrogen levels in the culture medium, a biocrude with nitrogen contents between 2.8% and 6.7% and yields between 18.9% and 49.1% can be obtained.…”
The alarming levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are an environmental problem that affects the economic growth of the world. CO2 emissions represent penalties and restrictions due to the high carbon footprint. Therefore, sustainable strategies are required to reduce the negative impact that occurs. Among the potential systems for CO2 capture are microalgae. These are defined as photosynthetic microorganisms that use CO2 and sunlight to obtain oxygen (O2) and generate value-added products such as biofuels, among others. Despite the advantages that microalgae may present, there are still technical–economic challenges that limit industrial-scale commercialization and the use of biomass in the production of added-value compounds. Therefore, this study reviews the current state of research on CO2 capture with microalgae, for which bibliometric analysis was used to establish the trends of the subject in terms of scientometric parameters. Technological advances in the use of microalgal biomass were also identified. Additionally, it was possible to establish the different cooperation networks between countries, which showed interactions in the search to reduce CO2 concentrations through microalgae.
“…Therefore, to solve these problems, authors such as Tang [ 68 ] and Huang [ 69 ] proposed strategies such as the evaluation of different catalysts or the two-step approach for HTL. Miranda [ 70 ] reported that, by varying the nitrogen levels in the culture medium, a biocrude with nitrogen contents between 2.8% and 6.7% and yields between 18.9% and 49.1% can be obtained.…”
The alarming levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are an environmental problem that affects the economic growth of the world. CO2 emissions represent penalties and restrictions due to the high carbon footprint. Therefore, sustainable strategies are required to reduce the negative impact that occurs. Among the potential systems for CO2 capture are microalgae. These are defined as photosynthetic microorganisms that use CO2 and sunlight to obtain oxygen (O2) and generate value-added products such as biofuels, among others. Despite the advantages that microalgae may present, there are still technical–economic challenges that limit industrial-scale commercialization and the use of biomass in the production of added-value compounds. Therefore, this study reviews the current state of research on CO2 capture with microalgae, for which bibliometric analysis was used to establish the trends of the subject in terms of scientometric parameters. Technological advances in the use of microalgal biomass were also identified. Additionally, it was possible to establish the different cooperation networks between countries, which showed interactions in the search to reduce CO2 concentrations through microalgae.
“…Como era de esperarse, debido al alto contenido de proteínas en las microalgas se hallan altas concentraciones de nitrógeno, lo cual aporta demandas de oxígeno en las aguas residuales. Algunos autores han estudiado el efecto del contenido de nitrógeno en las microalgas en la calidad del biocrudo, afirmando que a medida que disminuye el contenido de nitrógeno en la biomasa, disminuye notablemente el contenido de nitrógeno en el biocrudo producido, disminuyendo los costos de los procesos de refinación para producir combustible tipo Diesel, requiriendo menores relaciones de catalizador y condiciones menos severas, por lo que es pertinente el procesamiento mediante licuefacción hidrotérmica de microalgas con menos contenido de nitrógeno (Miranda et al, 2021). Se debe resaltar la elevada concentración de cianuro total lo que representa un factor de riesgo para la salud.…”
Section: Caracterización De Microalgasunclassified
La compañía Cementos Argos ha desarrollado procesos de captura de CO2 mediante el cultivo de microalgas, con el fin de mitigar el impacto ambiental de la industria cementera. Estas microalgas fueron transformadas en biocrudo mediante procesos de licuefacción hidrotérmica que utilizan gran cantidad de agua, generando vertimientos líquidos. Los resultados muestran que es posible recircular estos residuos al proceso y aumentar el rendimiento en la producción de biocrudo. Cuando esta fase acuosa alcanza un alto contenido de material orgánico disuelto (DQO > 1'200.000 mg O2/l), parte de este material es transformado en biocrudo aumentando su rendimiento a cerca de un 10-15%. Se concluye que en este proceso no se presentan vertimientos líquidos, favoreciendo la viabilidad del mismo, y mostrando el potencial para la producción de combustibles de mayor valor agregado como diésel o gasolinas.
“…Biofuels are produced from biological sources and considered to be cleaner and greener fuel. Their sulfur content is low, but the amount of NCCs which must be removed to promote biofuel commercialization is considerably high (12.4% in terms of relative % C content) [11,12]. The removal of SCCs and NCCs from fuel oils is essential for bettering the environment, our assets, human health, and refinery process development.…”
The removal of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds present in fuels is and will be crucial to accomplish actual strict regulations to avoid environmental and humanity health adversities. The conventional hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation processes conducted by refineries are limited due to severe operating conditions, and even more importantly, they are inefficient for simultaneously removing nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds in fuels. On the other hand, non-hydrogen technologies are beneficial in terms of mild operating conditions, and during the last two decades, some successful works have shown that these can be highly effective at efficiently removing both sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds from liquid fuels. For more than four decades, extensive research (thousands of publications since the 1980s) has been dedicated to developing remote desulfurization technologies without taking into consideration the presence of a complex fuel matrix, or even taking into account the presence of other harmful pollutant elements, such as nitrogen. Even more recently, several effective non-hydrogen denitrogenation processes have been reported without considering the presence of sulfur compounds. This review paper is a reflection on the limited work that has been successfully performed to simultaneously remove sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds from fuels. An evaluation of different methodologies (adsorption, extraction, oxidative (photo)catalysis, ultrasound-assisted oxidation) is presented here. Furthermore, this review intends to define new future strategies that will allow the design of more suitable and economical technologies, effectively conciliating desulfurization and denitrogenation processes to produce more sustainable fuels.
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