Nitrogen and Sulfur in the Precipitation at Ithaca, N. Y.

Leland, E. W.

doi:10.2134/agronj1952.00021962004400040003x

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This problem of diversity of techniques also applies to historical investigations of precipitation chemistry (MacIntire and Young, 1923;Wilson, 1926;Collison and Mensching, 1932;Leland, 1952;Carroll, 1962;Gambell and Fisher, 1966;Pearson and Fisher, 1971;Likens, 1972;Likens and Bormann, 1974). Unfortunately, a wide variety of collection procedures, sampling devices and analytical procedures is utilized in these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry

Galloway

Likens

1976

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

188

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Precipitation is currently collected by several methods, including several different designs of collection apparatus. We are investigating these differing methods and designs to determine which gives the most representative sample of precipitation for the analysis of some 25 chemical parameters. The experimental site, located in Ithaca, New York, has 22 collectors of 10 different designs. The designs include bulk (wet and dry deposition collected together), wet only (only rain and snow) and wet/dry (collects wet and dry deposition separately). In every sampling period, which varies from 1 day to 1 mo, depending on the time variable being tested, the following chemical parameters are determined: conductivity, pH, and PCB's.The results of the investigation lead us to conclude that:(1) Precipitation samples must exclude dry deposition if accurate information on the chemical content of precipitation is required.(2) Substantial contamination results when glass and plastic collectors are used to sample precipitation for inorganic and organic components, respectively. (3) The inorganic components of precipitation samples of low pH (3.5 to 4.5), with the exception ofPO 4 and C1, exhibited no significant change in concentration when stored at 4°C for a period of 8 mo.We believe this is due to the stabilizing influence of a large concentration of H ions. (4) If quantitative information on the chemical composition is required, precipitation samples should be collected at no longer than weekly intervals if immediate collection is not possible.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry

Galloway

Likens

1976

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

188

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“…Unfortunately, little work has been done in North America [Likens, 1972; Klein, 1974; Lazrus et aL, !974; Likens and Bormann, 1974]. Only two synoptic surveys of precipitation chemistry have been carried out for the conterminous United States, one in 1955-1956 by Junge and Werby [1958] and dunge [1958] and the other in 1960-1966 by the National Center for Atmospheric Research [Lodge et al, [Wilson, 1926;Collison and Mensching, 1932;Leland, 1952;Likens, 1972] and New Hampshire [Likens and Bormann, 1974] provide a longer record of precipitation chemistry. The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate the above data in addition to recent samples from New York and New England with respect to European proposals that acid precipitation is a widespread problem of anthropogenic origin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States

Cogbill¹,

Likens²

1974

Water Resources Research

327

125

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Analysis of recent precipitation samples from the northeastern United States has shown a consistent pH of less than 4.4, when the expected pH based upon equilibrium with CO2 would be 5.6. A stoichiometric formation process being assumed, some 65% of the acidity is due to H2SO4, 30% to HNO3, and less than 5% to HCl. The pH values may be predicted from chemical content and generally agree to within 0.1 pH unit with the observed pH. The distribution of acid precipitation encompasses most of the northeastern United States. This pattern apparently has existed since about 1950–1955, but the intensity of acid deposition, especially that due to HNO3, has increased since then. Analysis of prevailing winds indicates that much of the acidity originates as a general source over industrial areas in the Midwest.

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“…Precipitation hindcasts were based on current concentration and emissions data (see text and Supplementary information). Some historical precipitation values (red dots) are shown for reference, but were not used to develop the hindcast model: 1915, Ithaca, NY (from Wilson, 1926); 1925, average for Ithaca and Geneva, NY (from Collison & Mensching, 1932, Wilson, 1926); 1935 and 1945, Ithaca, NY (from Leland, 1952); 1955, average for Ithaca and Aurora, NY (from Junge & Werby, 1958)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A century of change: Reconstructing the biogeochemical history of Hubbard Brook

Likens

Buso

Bernhardt

et al. 2021

Hydrological Processes

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Ecosystems constantly adjust to altered biogeochemical inputs, changes in vegetation and climate, and previous physical disturbances. Such disturbances create overlapping ‘biogeochemical legacies’ affecting modern nutrient mass balances. To understand how ‘legacies’ affected watershed‐ecosystem (WEC) biogeochemistry during five decades of studies within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), we extended biogeochemical trends and hydrologic fluxes back to 1900 to provide an historical framework for our long‐term studies. This reconstruction showed acid rain peaking at HBEF in the late 1960s‐early 1970s near the beginning of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The long‐term, parabolic arc in acid inputs to HBEF generated a corresponding arc in the ionic strength of stream water, with acid inputs generating increased losses of H+ and soil base cations between 1963 and 1969 and then decreased losses after 1970. Nitrate release after disturbance is coupled with previous N‐deposition and storage, biological uptake, and hydrology. Sulfur was stored in soils from decades of acid deposition but is now nearly depleted. Total exports of base cations from the soil exchange pool represent one of the largest disturbances to forest and associated aquatic ecosystems at the HBEF since the Pleistocene glaciation. Because precipitation inputs of base cations currently are extremely small, such losses can only be replaced through the slow process of mineral weathering. Thus, the chemistry of stream water is extremely dilute and likely to become even more dilute than pre‐Industrial Revolution estimates. The importance of calculating chemical fluxes is clearly demonstrated in reconstruction of acid rain impacts during the pre‐measurement period. The aggregate impact of acid rain on WEC exports is far larger than historical forest harvest effects, and even larger than the most severe deforestation experiment (Watershed 2) at HBEF. A century of acid rain had a calcium stripping impact equivalent to two W2 experiments involving complete deforestation and herbicide applications.

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Nitrogen and Sulfur in the Precipitation at Ithaca, N. Y.

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry

Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry

Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States

A century of change: Reconstructing the biogeochemical history of Hubbard Brook

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