Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Rat Anorectal Tissue after Sacral Neuromodulation

A systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation mechanisms in the treatment of fecal incontinence and constipation

“…Immunohistochemical staining for neuronal NOS (physiologically present within neuronal tissue) and induced NOS (usually only present following tissue injury/inflammation) of anal and rectal tissue was performed in 10 rats following a 2‐week period of chronic S1 stimulation using an implanted electrode, 10 rats following sham implantation, and 10 control animals. The study found significantly increased neuronal NOS and induced NOS expression in epithelium and smooth muscle from both rectum and anus of the SNS group when compared to sham implantation; however, no differences in immunoreactivity were observed for these markers in enteric neurons . Meurette et al .…”

Acute sacral nerve stimulation reduces visceral mechanosensitivity in Rat through spinal opioid pathway

“…Indeed, NO signaling has been shown to mediate sensory pathway especially in micturition process . In a rat model of SNS, it has been shown that the endothelial and neuronal NO synthases expressions are increased in the anorectal tissue following 14 days of stimulation . However, maintenance of antinociceptive effect of SNS after L‐NAME administration suggests that NO is not involved in the sensitive effect of SNS.…”

Increase of n-NOS and i-NOS in Rat Colon After Sacral Neuromodulation

“…The exact mechanism of action of the SNM is unknown but certainly involves different pathways and different targets. In our previous experimental study we demonstrated how SNM of S1 nerve roots can significantly increase the expression of n‐NOS and i‐NOS in the epithelium and muscle cells of the anus and rectum of rats; this could in turn affect afferent nerves, playing a role in sensory mechanisms in the anorectum and evoke smooth muscle response, explaining how SMN could have a positive effects on fecal incontinence .…”

“…Another study showed that i‐NOS in myenteric plexus mediated the inhibition of colonic contraction , in fact a decrease in NO and i‐NOS activity has been closely associated with the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human and experimental inflammatory bowel diseases . In a previous study, we investigated in rat model the effect of SNM on NOS expression in anus and rectum . We showed that neuromodulation of S1 nerve roots can significantly increase the expression of n‐NOS and i‐NOS in the epithelium and muscle cells playing a role in sensory mechanisms in the anorectum and evoking smooth muscle response.…”