Nitric oxide signalling in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment and biotic interactions. It has become evident that NO is produced and used as signalling and defence cues by both partners in multiple forms of plant interactions with their microbial counterparts, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic modes. This review summarizes current knowledge on NO role in plant-pathogen interactions, focused on biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi and oomycetes. Actual advances and gaps in the identification of NO sources and fate in plant and pathogen cells are discussed. We review the decisive role of time- and site-specific NO production in germination, oriented growth and active penetration of filamentous pathogens to the host tissues, as well in pathogen recognition, and defence activation in plants. Distinct functions of NO are highlighted on diverse interactions of host plants with fungal and oomycete pathogens of different lifestyles, where NO in interplay with reactive oxygen species govern successful plant colonization, cell death and resistance establishment.

Nitrogen nutrition modifies the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the necrotrophic fungus, Alternaria brassicicola

“…Hypothesis (2) is also likely to be true. In fact, nitrate reductase is the major source of NO (Planchet et al, 2005), which in turn plays an important role in signalling during plant disease resistance (Delledonne et al, 1998) and in the regulation of plant defence against fungal pathogens and elicitors (Jedelská et al, 2021; Martínez‐Medina et al, 2019; Planchet et al, 2006). Here, a strong NO 3 − ‐dependent NO production was observed after A. brassicicola inoculation (Figure 7A).…”

Nitric oxide (NO) involved in Cd tolerance in NHX1 transgenic duckweed during Cd stress

“…In previous studies, NO interacts with ROS to regulate colonization, cell death, and resistance processes. 18 Also, France et al presented a model showing the role of NO and S-nitrosylation during drought stress signaling, and stress triggers ABA accumulation that in turn can induce the production of H 2 O 2 leading to the generation of NO, resulting in stomatal closure via the activation of a MAPK pathway. 19 Moreover, there was a feedback mechanism between ethylene and NO through the activity of ACC/ACO/ACS.…”

Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling

“…Nitric oxide also plays key roles in pathogen-triggered responses in plants ( Jedelská et al, 2021 ), and under oxidative conditions, peroxynitrite is synthesized and functions as an effector of NO-mediated signaling ( Alamillo and García-Olmedo, 2001 ; Saito et al, 2006 ; Vandelle and Delledonne, 2011 ). During the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response, protein tyrosine nitration has emerged as an important node between NO and ROS underlying a mechanism of co-operative interaction ( Cecconi et al, 2009 ).…”