Nitric Oxide Plasma/Serum Levels In Patients With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Psychotropic medications were routinely prescribed for PES patients, but this practice did not increase compliance to outpatient treatment referral after two months.

Lithium increases nitric oxide levels in subjects with bipolar disorder during depressive episodes

“…Only one study, however, evaluated NO during a depressive episode in BD (Selek et al, 2008). This study showed elevated NO metabolites in subjects with bipolar depression under multiple medications, which can influence NO (Lara et al, 2003; Ikenouchi-Sugita et al, 2009; Maia-de-Oliveira et al, 2012). The fact that our sample comprised drug-free patients with short duration of illness is a possible explanation for the discordance with the other study in bipolar depression.…”

Oxidative stress in drug naïve first episode psychosis and antioxidant effects of risperidone

“…Studies investigating NO metabolites (NOx) in blood samples of schizophrenic patients reported heterogeneous results, while a metaanalysis did not find significant differences between patients and healthy controls (Maia-de-Oliveira et al, 2012). However, when medicated patients were examined separately, a significant difference was found (Maia-de-Oliveira et al, 2012). TBARS is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation and a surrogate marker of oxidative neuronal membrane damage.…”

Sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor for novel treatment of schizophrenia, may also modulate dopaminergic systems

“…Lee and colleagues reported decreased serum NO in schizophrenic patients compared with a control group, and found that a six-week treatment with the dopamine antagonist antipsychotic risperidone increased NO levels and that this increase was associated with improvement of symptoms (Lee and Kim, 2008) c A recent meta-analysis found that patients taking antipsychotics have higher levels of plasma/serum NO than controls (effect size g = 0.663, 95%CI = 0.365 to 0.961, p b 0.001) (Maiade- Oliveira et al, 2012). There are also studies that showed increased cGMP levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients after treatment with antipsychotics (as previously reported, NO induces increases in cGMP concentrations) (Ebstein et al, 1976).…”