Nitrated phenols in rain: Atmospheric occurrence of phytotoxic pollutants

Leuenberger, Christian; Czuczwa, Jean M.; Tremp, Josef; Giger, Walter

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(88)90026-4

Cited by 123 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The results emphasise the importance of ensuring that both liquid and gas phase processes are included for a complete understanding of the sources and fates of certain tropospheric species. Appendix A a Leuenberger et al, 1988b Herrmann et al, 1999Herrmann et al, 2000 (Leuenberger et al, 1988) Table A13. Liquid phase nitrogen-species reactions and the corresponding rate coefficient expressions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gas phase/ng m −3 Cloud/µg L −1 Gas phase/ng m −3 Cloud/µg L −1 (Leuenberger et al, 1985) c Mount Brocken, Germany (Lüttke et al, 1999) d urban site, Switzerland (Leuenberger et al, 1988) e urban site, Rome, gas and particle-bound (Cecinato et al, 2005) f Vosges mountains, France (Levsen et al, 1990) g Values in parenthesis are gas phase concentrations in units of molecules cm −3…”

Section: Field Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

2005

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Abstract. Phenols are a major class of volatile organic compounds (VOC) whose reaction within, and partitioning between, the gas and liquid phases affects their lifetime within the atmosphere, the local oxidising capacity, and the extent of production of nitrophenols, which are toxic chemicals. In this work, a zero-dimension box model was constructed to quantify the relative importance of different nitration pathways, and partitioning into the liquid phase, of mono-aromatic compounds in order to help elucidate the formation pathways of 2-and 4-nitrophenol in the troposphere. The liquid phase contributed significantly to the production of nitrophenols for liquid water content (L c ) values exceeding 3×10 −9 , and for a range of assumed liquid droplet diameter, even though the resultant equilibrium partitioning to the liquid phase was much lower. For example, in a "typical" model scenario, with L c =3×10 −7 , 58% of nitrophenol production occurred in the liquid phase but only 2% of nitrophenol remained there, i.e. a significant proportion of nitrophenol observed in the gas phase may actually be produced via the liquid phase. The importance of the liquid phase was enhanced at lower temperatures, by a factor ∼1.5-2 at 278 K c.f. 298 K. The model showed that nitrophenol production was particularly sensitive to the values of the rate coefficients for the liquid phase reactions between phenol and OH or NO 3 reactions, but insensitive to the rate coefficient for the reaction between benzene and OH, thus identifying where further experimental data are required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Field Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

2005

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“…In particular, it is the most phytotoxic nitrophenol that occurs in the environment to a significant extent (Shea et al, 1983). The concentration of 24DNP can reach some tens µg L −1 in atmospheric waters (Leuenberger et al, 1988;Belloli et al, 1999;Harrison et al, 2005;Asman et al, 2005;Barrico et al, 2006). Interestingly, nitrophenol levels in plant leaves are near the values known to cause phytotoxic effects (Natangelo et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phototransformation processes of 2,4-dinitrophenol, relevant to atmospheric water droplets

2010

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“…dinitro-ortho-cresol, DNOC) were the most frequently measured nitrophenols in precipitation in urban and rural Europe (Leuenberger et al, 1988;Alber et al, 1989;Herterich and Herrmann, 1990;Levsen et al, 1990;Levsen et al, 1991;Levsen et al, 1993;Schüssler and Nitschke, 2001;Bossi et al, 2002;Kohler and Heeb, 2003;Asman et al, 2005;Belloli et al, 2006;Jaber et al, 2007;Schummer et al, 2009), in North America (Ganranoo 25 et al, 2010), and Antarctica (Vanni et al, 2001) (Table S1). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NMAHs are ecotoxic (Pflieger and Kroflič, 2017) while little is known about human toxicity (Huang et al, 1995;Harrison et al, 2005;Kovacic and Somanathan, 2014). Due to nitrophenol 30 phytotoxic potential, the research on them in precipitation was fostered during the late 1980s and early 1990s in relation with research on forest decline in central Europe (Rippen et al, 1987;Leuenberger et al, 1988;Herterich and Herrmann, 1990). Last but not least, NMAHs significantly contribute to the light absorptive properties of PM organic carbon (Mohr et al, 2013;Hinrichs et al, 2016;Bluvshtein et al, 2017;Teich et al, 2017) and can influence climate by altering Earth's albedo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

Shahpoury¹,

Kitanovski²,

Lammel³

2018

Preprint

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Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) are emitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Their precipitation cycling has hardly been studied. Fresh snow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surface snow from a remote site in Svalbard were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 9 OPAHs, and 11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as well as nitrocatechols, 5 nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied for the first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavenging mechanisms, the particulate mass fractions (Ө) at 273K were predicted using a multiphase gas-particle partitioning model based on polyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑NPAH concentrations were 1.2-17.6 and 8.8-19.1 ng L -1 at urban and rural sites, whereas ∑OPAHs were 0.3-1.1 and 0.5-2.4 µg L -1 at these sites, respectively.Acenaphthoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone were predominant in snow dissolved and particulate phase, respectively. 10 NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with 9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. Among NMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levels found for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported in the 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑OPAHs and ∑NMAHs were found at the remote site (9.2 and 390.5 ng L -1 , respectively). N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordance with predicted Ө, whereas NMAHs were predominant in the 15 dissolved phase, regardless of Ө. It is concluded that the phase distribution of non-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioning prior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phase substances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particle partitioning in the aerosol, particle mass size distribution, and dissolution during in-or below-cloud scavenging.Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Nitrated phenols in rain: Atmospheric occurrence of phytotoxic pollutants

Cited by 123 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

Phototransformation processes of 2,4-dinitrophenol, relevant to atmospheric water droplets

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic

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