Nitrate and phosphate supplementation to increase toxin production by the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense

Differences in the toxin profiles of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) strains isolated from different geographic origins: Evidence of paralytic toxin, spirolide, and gymnodimine

“…The same has been reported in other studies showing that the production of either SPXs or PSP toxins was not induced by changes in salinity, temperature, or CO 2 supply, which instead affected the relative content of the different PSP toxins and SPX analogues (Otero et al, 2010;Kremp et al, 2012;Suikkanen et al, 2013). Similar effects have been reported for nutrients and growth phase in A. ostenfeldii cultures (Anderson et al, 1990;Hwang and Lu, 2000;Gran eli and Flynn, 2006;Hu et al, 2006). In the case of GYMs, the scarce data prevent any conclusions on the consistency of the appearance of these toxins and the variations related to the physicochemical conditions of the cultures.…”

A reinvestigation of saxitoxin production and sxtA in the ‘non-toxic’ Alexandrium tamarense Group V clade

“…Differences in growth and toxin production in the species A. catenella, A. tamarense and A. minutum have been previously reported, related to the environmental conditions of the culture, such as salinity, light and nutrients, and the growth phase of the culture (Hamasaki et al, 2001;Hu et al, 2006;Lippemeier et al, 2003;Anderson et al, 1990;Grzebyk et al, 2003). In the present study, each of the three A. tamarense strains were cultured under identical light conditions, in the same media and seawater, and were inoculated and then harvested on the same days.…”

Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic and non-toxic Alexandrium strains using a concatenated rDNA approach

“…This study focuses principally on PST presence or absence, though analogues are also presented, their concentration is omitted as many variables affect this: differing culture media and regulation of nitrogen and phosphorus (Hu et al, 2006;Hwang et al, 2003;Otero et al, 2010;Wang and Hsieh, 2002), growth phase (Wang et al, 2006), bacteria presence (Hold et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2001;Uribe and Espejo, 2003;Wang et al, 2003) and growth temperature (Hwang et al, 2003;Navarro et al, 2006). Additionally, varying both the extraction and analysis methods affect resulting PST profiles dependent on these (Hansen et al, 2003;Yu et al, 1998), a comparative problem without recognized standards.…”