Nipple sensitivity following reduction mammaplasty

Craig, R.; Sykes, P A

doi:10.1016/s0007-1226(70)80034-0

Cited by 112 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Farina et al (1980) were encouraged by the results of sensory tests after mammaplasty to return to the dissecting room. They found that the course of the nerve to the nipple lay near the surface of the breast, confirming the observations of Cooper (1840) and refuting those of Craig and Sykes (1970). Farina et al (1980) concluded that only the 4th nerve supplied the nipple, mainly through its lateral cutaneous branch, which entered the breast in its inferolateral part, as shown in Figure 3, reproduced from Gonzalez et al (1993).…”

Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerysupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Clinical evidence suggested that the nipple retained sensation even when the breast was reduced by resecting the central part of the gland from under the areola as reported by Regnault (1974) and Lejour (1994), or when the nipple itself was transposed on a dermal pedicle using techniques popularized by Strombeck (1964) and McKissock (1971). Surgical dissections in these procedures would have divided the nerves supplying the nipple had these run through the breast as described by Craig and Sykes (1970). Farina et al (1980) were encouraged by the results of sensory tests after mammaplasty to return to the dissecting room.…”

Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Craig and Sykes (1970) not only tested sensation of the nipple and areola after various types of reduction mammaplasty, but also made cadaveric dissections of the nerves supplying the nipple and areola. Their diagram (Fig.…”

Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Craig and Sykes (1970) did not use magnification when dissecting the nerves supplying the nipple and areola and it is difficult to differentiate the terminal nerves to the nipple when they are closely related to the fibrous septa and run along the ducts. They may have lifted the nerves in the periareolar area along with the skin flaps and were therefore only able to trace the peripheral nerves to within a few centimeters of the areola.…”

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

Sarhadi¹,

Shaw-Dunn²,

Soutar³

1997

Clin. Anat.

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Cooper in 1840 described mammary branches from the 2nd–6th intercostal nerves, and noticed that the nipple was supplied by branches which lay close to the surface of the gland. Eckhard (1850) divided the mammary branches into superficial branches to the skin and nipple, and deep branches to the glandular tissue and nipple, but many later authors ignored those findings. After the second World War, cosmetic surgery of the breast made further research critical, as surgeons strove to design operations which would retain its shape and preserve postoperative sensation. Craig and Sykes (1970) described mainly anterior branches from the 3rd, 4th and 5th intercostal nerves passing through the glandular tissue of the breast and along the line of the ducts to the nipple, while Farina et al. (1980) concluded that the nipple was supplied solely by superficial lateral branches of the 4th nerve. Using improvements in dissecting technique learned from microsurgery, Sarhadi et al. (1996) found that the nipple was innervated by the lateral cutaneous branch of the 4th intercostal nerve, by two branches, one passing superficial to the gland, and the other through the retromammary space, and by variable lateral and medial additional branches from the 2nd–5th nerves. These branches came to lie superficially and formed a subdermal plexus under the areola. This account is uncannily close to Cooper's original description; it is a reassuring, if sobering, conclusion that his early account remains one of the most reliable. Clin. Anat. 10:283–288, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.

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Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerysupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Esthetic Breast Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

Sarhadi¹,

Shaw-Dunn²,

Soutar³

1997

Clin. Anat.

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show abstract

“…It is quite obvious that some techniques have inherent risks, which hardly ever happen in other techniques, but may have less problems with other complications or outcome impairment. 9,16,18,33,36,45,51 The ability to breast feed varies from technique to technique. 7,24,36,48,68 Also dependant on the technique are the changes in mammography to be seen postoperatively.…”

Section: Complications and Unfavorable Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Reduction and Mastopexy

Eisenmann‐Klein

2010

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cooper in 1840 described mammary branches from the 2nd-6th intercostal nerves, and noticed that the nipple was supplied by branches which lay close to the surface of the gland. Eckhard (1850) divided the mammary branches into superficial branches to the skin and nipple, and deep branches to the glandular tissue and nipple, but many later authors ignored those findings. After the second World War, cosmetic surgery of the breast made further research critical, as surgeons strove to design operations which would retain its shape and preserve postoperative sensation. Craig and Sykes (1970) described mainly anterior branches from the 3rd, 4th and 5th intercostal nerves passing through the glandular tissue of the breast and along the line of the ducts to the nipple, while Farina et al. (1980) concluded that the nipple was supplied solely by superficial lateral branches of the 4th nerve. Using improvements in dissecting technique learned from microsurgery, Sarhadi et al. (1996) found that the nipple was innervated by the lateral cutaneous branch of the 4th intercostal nerve, by two branches, one passing superficial to the gland, and the other through the retromammary space, and by variable lateral and medial additional branches from the 2nd-5th nerves. These branches came to lie superficially and formed a subdermal plexus under the areola. This account is uncannily close to Cooper's original description; it is a reassuring, if sobering, conclusion that his early account remains one of the most reliable.

show abstract

Nipple sensitivity following reduction mammaplasty

Cited by 112 publications

References 5 publications

Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

Breast Reduction and Mastopexy

Nerve supply of the breast with special reference to the nipple and areola: Sir Astley Cooper revisited

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