Nipah Virus Sequences from Humans and Bats during Nipah Outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018

Yadav, Pragya D; Shete, Anita M.; Kumar, Ganesh; Sarkale, Prasad; Sahay, Rima R.; Radhakrishnan, Chandni; Lakra, Rajen; Pardeshi, Prachi; Gupta, Nivedita; Gangakhedkar, Raman; Rajendran, V R; Sadanandan, Rajeev; Mourya, Devendra T.

doi:10.3201/eid2505.181076

Cited by 68 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In the current study, observed seroprevalence patterns and the fitted model suggest that three periods of transmission occurred over the 6 y of sampling, each of which followed periods of low adult and juvenile seroprevalence. Viral detection in bats has coincided with some human outbreaks, supporting the hypothesis that spillover is a sporadic event (67,97). In our study periods, low seroprevalence in bats was not always followed by outbreaks in humans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

173

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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus’s range.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

173

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“…During the Kerala outbreak, fever, myalgia, respiratory difficulties, headache, vomiting, cough, altered sensorium and encephalitis with seizures were reported in infected persons. Outbreaks in Bangladesh and India showed a higher number of cases with respiratory distresses [48].…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai

Krishna

Veettil

2020

Viruses

122

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Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world's deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private-public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.

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“…3 from Bangladesh (AY988601.1, JN808857.1, AY988601.1) [48] and 5 from India (MH523641.1, MH523642.1, MH396625.1, MH523640.1, FJ513078.1) [49] were retrieved from their translated genomes deposited in the NCBI nucleotide database [50] and were used to identify sequence variations in proteins. We also verified that the translated protein sequences of the Malaysian strain matched with those of the protein sequences deposited in SwissProt [51].…”

Section: Mapping Strain Variants Onto Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of modelling the NiV proteins, the sequence data from the 2018 outbreak was not available [49]. Hence, all the modelling was done by considering that sequence of the Malaysian strain.…”

Section: Sequence Variations In Niv Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting and Designing therapeutics against the Nipah virus

Sen¹,

Kanitkar²,

Roy³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Though every outbreak of the Nipah Virus has resulted in high mortality rates (>70% in Southeast Asia), there are no licensed drugs against it. In this study we have considered all 9 Nipah proteins as potential therapeutic targets and computationally identified putative peptides (against G, F, and M proteins) and small molecules inhibitors (against F, G, M, N, and P proteins). The computations include extensive homology/ab initio modelling, peptide design and small molecule docking. An important contribution of this study is the increased structural characterization of Nipah proteins by approximately 90% of what is deposited in the PDB. In addition, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations on all the designed proteinpeptide complexes to check for stability and to estimate binding strengths. Details, including atomic coordinates of all the proteins and their ligand bound complexes, can be accessed at http://cospi.iiserpune.ac.in/Nipah. Our strategy was to tackle the development of therapeutics on a proteome wide scale and the lead compounds identified could be attractive starting points for drug development. To this end, we have designed 4 peptide inhibitors and predicted 70 small molecules (13 with high confidence) against 3 and 5 Nipah proteins respectively. To counter the threat of drug resistance, we have analyzed the sequences of the viral strains from different outbreaks, to check whether they would be sensitive to the binding of the proposed inhibitors.

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Nipah Virus Sequences from Humans and Bats during Nipah Outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018

Cited by 68 publications

References 13 publications

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Predicting and Designing therapeutics against the Nipah virus

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