Niosomes-loaded selenium nanoparticles as a new approach for enhanced antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery and increasing the biological activity of drugs is one of the recent challenges of pharmaceutical researchers. Niosomes are one of the new targeted drug delivery systems that enhances the biological properties of drugs. In this study, for the first time, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and its loading into niosome was carried out to increase the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity of SeNPs. Different formulations of noisome-loaded SeNPs were prepared, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared niosomes were investigated. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of synthesized niosomes loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs against standard pathogenic bacterial strains were studied, and also its anticancer activity was investigated against breast cancer cell lines. The expression level of apoptotic genes in breast cancer cell lines treated with niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was measured. Also, to evaluate the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes, their cytotoxicity effects against the human foreskin fibroblasts normal cell line (HFF) were studied using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results illustrated that the optimal formulation had an average size of 177.9 nm, a spherical shape, and an encapsulation efficiency of 37.58%. Also, the results revealed that the release rate of SeNPs from niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was 61.26% and 100%, respectively, in 72 h. Also, our findings demonstrated that the niosome-loaded SeNPs have significant antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer effects compared to the free SeNPs. In addition, niosome-loaded SeNPs can upregulate the expression level of Bax, cas3, and cas9 apoptosis genes while the expression of the Bcl2 gene is down-regulated in all studied cell lines, significantly. Also, the results of the MTT test indicated that the free niosome has no significant cytotoxic effects against the HFF cell line which represents the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that niosomes-loaded SeNPs have significant anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and anti-cancer effects, which can be used as a suitable drug delivery system.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Evaluating the neuroprotective effect of Spirulina platensis–loaded niosomes against Alzheimer’s disease induced in rats

“…The drug's bioavailability, efficiency, and selectivity are all enhanced by the nanoparticle delivery system [14,15,17]. Since phospholipids are easily oxidized and hydrolyzed, niosomes are superior to liposomes [14,15,18]. Niosomes are targeted drug delivery systems that use non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol to increase the delivery of water-soluble drugs such as SP [14,15,17,19].…”

Regulation and mechanism of organic selenium on quorum sensing, biofilm, and antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus paracasei

“…In addition, selenium can also work with other substances to produce other effects. Niosomes‐loaded SeNP have significant antimicrobial, anti‐biofilm, and anticancer effects, which can be used as a suitable drug delivery system 6 . A novel catalyst has been synthesized by combining SeNP with aldehyde, β‐naphthol, and 2‐aminobenzoimidazole 7 .…”

“…Niosomes-loaded SeNP have significant antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer effects, which can be used as a suitable drug delivery system. 6 A novel catalyst has been synthesized by combining SeNP with aldehyde, β-naphthol, and 2-aminobenzoimidazole. 7 SeNP has been applied to the production of novel composite membrane materials.…”

Heliotropium eichwaldi‐functionalized gold nanoparticles synthesis, characterization, and biological activities

“…NPs can be made in a variety of methods, both chemically and physically, but these processes also produce several dangerous byproducts. 36,37 Green nanotechnology uses biological organisms, plant biomass, or extracts in a safe, non-toxic, and ecologically responsible manner as an alternative to conventional chemical and physical technologies. [38][39][40] Using plant materials for the synthesis of NPs may be more advantageous as it does not require complicated processes, as several biomolecules such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, flavonoids, dehydrogenases, phenols, saponins, and tannins in plants play a vital role in Ag and Au reduction.…”

“…NPs can be made in a variety of methods, both chemically and physically, but these processes also produce several dangerous byproducts 36,37 . Green nanotechnology uses biological organisms, plant biomass, or extracts in a safe, non‐toxic, and ecologically responsible manner as an alternative to conventional chemical and physical technologies 38–40 .…”