Ningaloo Niño simulated in the CMIP5 models

Kido, Shoichiro; Kataoka, Takahito; Tozuka, Tomoki

doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2913-6

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We begin by performing an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on SST anomalies to extract the dominant mode of interannual variability off the west coast of Australia (100°E–120°E, 34°S–12°S; Figures a and b). The model well reproduces the observed spatial pattern and amplitude of Ningaloo Niño/Niña with a pattern correlation coefficient of 0.94, which is better than the state‐of‐the‐art coupled models (Kido et al, ); we note that our simulation has an advantage of having reanalysis data as the surface boundary conditions. The current model well simulates the observed NNI during 1958–2012 (Figure d) with a correlation coefficient of 0.81.…”

Section: Interannual Variations: Ningaloo Niño/niñacontrasting

confidence: 99%

Generation and Decay Mechanisms of Ningaloo Niño/Niña

2017

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Using an ocean model, generation and decay mechanisms of warm/cool sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) off Western Australia, or Ningaloo Niño/Niña, are investigated through the calculation of a mixed‐layer temperature (MLT) balance taking the mixed‐layer depth (MLD) variation into account. Since Ningaloo Niño/Niña develops owing to local air‐sea interaction and/or remote forcing, events are classified into two cases based on alongshore wind anomalies and analyzed separately. It is revealed that the anomalous meridional advection associated with the stronger Leeuwin Current and the enhanced warming by the climatological shortwave radiation because of the shallower MLD generate warm SSTAs in the coastal region for both cases of Ningaloo Niño. On the other hand, the latent heat flux damps SSTAs only in a case without northerly alongshore wind anomalies. In the decay, larger sensible heat loss is important. Because of the reduced meridional temperature gradient, the meridional advection eventually damps SSTAs. The sensitivity change to the climatological shortwave radiation owing to MLD anomalies explains offshore MLT tendency anomalies for both cases throughout the events. The mechanisms for Ningaloo Niña are close to a mirror image of Ningaloo Niño but differ in that the latent heat flux damps offshore SSTAs. The seasonal phase‐locking nature of Ningaloo Niño/Niña is related to the seasonal variations of MLD and surface heat fluxes, which regulate the amplitude and sign of the sensitivity change to surface heat fluxes. It is also related to the seasonal variations of the Leeuwin Current and meridional temperature gradient through advection anomalies.

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Section: Interannual Variations: Ningaloo Niño/niñacontrasting

confidence: 99%

Generation and Decay Mechanisms of Ningaloo Niño/Niña

2017

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“…Due to its pivotal importance, the Ningaloo Niño is attracting increasing attention of the climate and oceanographic communities. Intensive research efforts have been devoted to understanding its dynamics and predictability (e.g., Feng et al 2013;Kataoka et al 2014Kataoka et al , 2017Doi et al 2013Doi et al , 2015Kido et al 2016;Zhang et al 2018a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first group highlights the critical role of remote forcing from the Supplemental information related to this paper is available at the Journals Online website: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0698.s1. Pacific through both the atmospheric bridge and the ocean channel processes Kido et al 2016;Zhang and Han 2018). As a response to the western Pacific warming under La Niña condition, anomalous low-tropospheric cyclonic winds prevail over the SEIO Tozuka et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the coastal northerly wind anomaly against the climatological mean southerly wind can lead to SST warming by driving coastal downwelling and enhancing the warm-water transport of the poleward Leeuwin Current (LC; Kataoka et al 2014;Tozuka et al 2014;Marshall et al 2015). Meanwhile, downwelling oceanic waves forced by the Pacific easterly wind anomalies can penetrate through the Indonesian Archipelagos and further propagate poleward along the west coast of Australia (Clarke 1991;Clarke and Liu 1994;Meyers 1996;Wijffels and Meyers 2004;Feng et al 2008), which triggers the SST warming in the SEIO through surface heat convergence and enhancing heat transport of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) (e.g., Feng et al 2013Feng et al , 2015Kido et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Processes Controlling Sea Surface Temperature Variability of Ningaloo Niño

Guo

Wang

et al. 2020

Journal of Climate

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A high-resolution (3-8 km) regional oceanic general circulation model is utilized to understand the sea surface temperature (SST) variability of Ningaloo Niño in the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO). The model reproduces eight Ningaloo Niño events with good fidelity and reveals complicated spatial structures. Mesoscale noises are seen in the warming signature and confirmed by satellite microwave SST data. Model experiments are carried out to quantitatively evaluate the effects of key processes. The results reveal that the surface turbulent heat flux (primarily latent heat flux) is the most important process (contribution . 68%) in driving and damping the SST warming for most events, while the roles of the Indonesian Throughflow (;15%) and local wind forcing are secondary. A suitable air temperature warming is essential to reproducing the reduced surface latent heat loss during the growth of SST warming (;66%), whereas the effect of the increased air humidity is negligibly small (1%). The established SST warming in the mature phase causes increased latent heat loss that initiates the decay of warming. A 20-member ensemble simulation is performed for the 2010/11 super Ningaloo Niño, which confirms the strong influence of ocean internal processes in the redistribution of SST warming signatures. Oceanic eddies can dramatically modulate the magnitudes of local SST warming, particularly in offshore areas where the ''signal-to-noise'' ratio is low, raising a caution for evaluating the predictability of Ningaloo Niño and its environmental consequences.

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“…The CTRL run reproduces Ningaloo Niño well with a similar spatial pattern and amplitude to the observations. The pattern correlation on the observation grid is 0.78, which is among the best in the state-of-the-art coupled models (Kido et al, 2016). Following Kataoka et al (2014), the Ningaloo Niño index (NNI) is defined by area-averaged SST anomalies off the west coast of Australia (108°E-the coast and 22-28°S).…”

Section: Ctrl Runmentioning

confidence: 98%

Can Ningaloo Niño/Niña Develop Without El Niño–Southern Oscillation?

Kataoka

Masson

Izumo

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Ningaloo Niño/Niña is the dominant climate mode in the southeastern Indian Ocean with its center of positive/negative sea surface temperature anomalies attached to Australia. Ningaloo Niño is the major cause of marine heatwaves in the region. Although oceanic variability in this region has long been considered mainly as a response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), some recent studies have suggested the possible existence of local air‐sea feedback processes. Using a state‐of‐the‐art ocean‐atmosphere coupled model that realistically simulates Ningaloo Niño/Niña, whether Ningaloo Niño/Niña can occur independently of ENSO is examined. Even in an experiment in which ENSO is suppressed by strongly nudging tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures toward the model climatology, Ningaloo Niño/Niña with a similar magnitude and seasonality still develops, likely through an air‐sea interaction off Western Australia amplifying atmospheric stochastic forcing. This study is the first to show that Ningaloo Niño/Niña can develop even without ENSO.

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Ningaloo Niño simulated in the CMIP5 models

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Generation and Decay Mechanisms of Ningaloo Niño/Niña

Generation and Decay Mechanisms of Ningaloo Niño/Niña

Processes Controlling Sea Surface Temperature Variability of Ningaloo Niño

Can Ningaloo Niño/Niña Develop Without El Niño–Southern Oscillation?

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