Abstract:Nicotine, primary component of tobaco produces craving and withdrawal effect both in humans and animals. Nicotine shows a close resemblance to other addictive drugs in molecular, neuroanatomical and pharmacological, particularly the drugs which enhances the cognitive functions. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism. Dopaminergic system is also stimulated… Show more
“…One of the previous studies investigated the mRNA expression of the interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, miR-9, and miR-122 as potential useful indicators for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was observed that the expression of selected interleukins in noncancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in tumor tissues, and patients with a history of 40 pack-years (PY) (2,197, IQR: 0.821-4.415) and who were over 40 years old (0.461, IQR: 0.372-0.741; p = 0.037) had significantly greater levels of IL-6 in their tumor tissues. The up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 in tumors and surrounding tissues suggests that firing cycles have a role in NSCLC, and smoking can affect inflammation during tumorigenesis, which is manifested by an increase in IL-6 in patients' tumor tests [18].…”
Section: Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test and Lipopolysaccharide Level Correlationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although nicotine is the most addictive cigarette smoking element, several synthetic chemicals also contribute to the addictive concept of cigarette smoking, either directly or indirectly. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, receptive oxidant substances (ROS), and acrolein are among the more significant tobacco smoke poisons with immunomodulatory potential, albeit a lot more may exist [1], [2]. Nicotine, an essential part of Tobacco, produces wanting and withdrawal impact both in people and creatures.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As per different specialists, this property of nicotine is liable for strengthening conduct change and reliance on nicotine. Different analysts have also portrayed that some nondopaminergic frameworks are likewise included for the remunerating impact of nicotinic withdrawal [2].…”
Cigarette smoking is a combination of thousands of synthetic compounds that contribute straightforwardly or by implication to the addiction of cigarette smoking with inflammation, although a lot more may exist. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have unequivocally shown that variety in neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 (CHRNA5) and in cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) anticipated smoking substantialness, later period of smoking discontinuance. The relationship between the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Lipopolysaccharide marker in Thai smokers was proposed in this study. We investigated fourteen Thai smokers in Mahasarakham province who scored 4 or higher on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. We provided them surveys about their personal information, administered the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and continued the Lipopolysaccharide marker blood tests. The value of R in Pearson connection was 0.4438. Although it found a positive correlation, the relationship between Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Lipopolysaccharide level was weak due to no correlation. In addition, the value of R2, the coefficient of determination, was 0.197 (p=0.1119). Further studies are needed to investigate more the relationship between smoking and inflammation.
“…One of the previous studies investigated the mRNA expression of the interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, miR-9, and miR-122 as potential useful indicators for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was observed that the expression of selected interleukins in noncancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in tumor tissues, and patients with a history of 40 pack-years (PY) (2,197, IQR: 0.821-4.415) and who were over 40 years old (0.461, IQR: 0.372-0.741; p = 0.037) had significantly greater levels of IL-6 in their tumor tissues. The up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 in tumors and surrounding tissues suggests that firing cycles have a role in NSCLC, and smoking can affect inflammation during tumorigenesis, which is manifested by an increase in IL-6 in patients' tumor tests [18].…”
Section: Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test and Lipopolysaccharide Level Correlationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although nicotine is the most addictive cigarette smoking element, several synthetic chemicals also contribute to the addictive concept of cigarette smoking, either directly or indirectly. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, receptive oxidant substances (ROS), and acrolein are among the more significant tobacco smoke poisons with immunomodulatory potential, albeit a lot more may exist [1], [2]. Nicotine, an essential part of Tobacco, produces wanting and withdrawal impact both in people and creatures.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As per different specialists, this property of nicotine is liable for strengthening conduct change and reliance on nicotine. Different analysts have also portrayed that some nondopaminergic frameworks are likewise included for the remunerating impact of nicotinic withdrawal [2].…”
Cigarette smoking is a combination of thousands of synthetic compounds that contribute straightforwardly or by implication to the addiction of cigarette smoking with inflammation, although a lot more may exist. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have unequivocally shown that variety in neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 (CHRNA5) and in cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) anticipated smoking substantialness, later period of smoking discontinuance. The relationship between the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Lipopolysaccharide marker in Thai smokers was proposed in this study. We investigated fourteen Thai smokers in Mahasarakham province who scored 4 or higher on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. We provided them surveys about their personal information, administered the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and continued the Lipopolysaccharide marker blood tests. The value of R in Pearson connection was 0.4438. Although it found a positive correlation, the relationship between Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Lipopolysaccharide level was weak due to no correlation. In addition, the value of R2, the coefficient of determination, was 0.197 (p=0.1119). Further studies are needed to investigate more the relationship between smoking and inflammation.
“…Accounting for about 931 million US dollars per year, an indication that the implementation and effective operationalization of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) of 2005 and the National Tobacco Act of 2015 is still a mirage in the country (WHO 2015 ; Ayodapo and Ibisola 2021 ). It is a psychoactive plant readily available in every corner of the earth (Tiwari et al 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Psychoactive Plantsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another alkaloid involved in mesolimbic dopamine system activation during N. tabacum exposure is cotinine. Cotinine increases dopamine release through a Ca + –dependent pathway (Tiwari et al 2020 ). Aside from the mesolimbic dopamine system, the serotonergic transmission system is also altered during N. tabacum exposure.…”
Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum,
and
Carica papaya
are plants that naturally grow in Nigeria. They are reportedly rich in neuroactive compounds that are capable of reacting with the nervous system to elicit psychoactive and/or toxic effects that deter predators. However, despite the toxicological potential of these plants, their recreational use is on the rise due to the psychoactivity they proffer and prevalence in Nigeria. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the plants’ recreational use, mechanism of actions and toxicities. Relevant published documents on psychoactive plants in Nigeria were obtained from Web of Science between 2002 and 2020. Non-English documents, documents not in Science Citation Index Expanded and Google Scholar were removed while 1186 documents were reviewed. Results showed that the plants are recreationally used in Nigeria with a higher prevalence than the global frequency. They are very addictive and lead to dependence. The plants were also observed to elicit different mechanism of action, though the activation of monoaminergic neurotransmission system was common to all. Regrettably, the plants could be toxic when ingested under non-medical conditions. Conclusively, these plants are addictive with potential toxic effects. Therefore, control of the recreational use of these plants should be revamped and overhauled.
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