Nickel allergy in Spain needs active intervention

García‐Gavín, J.; Armario-Hita, J.C.; Fernández‐Redondo, Virginia; Fernández–Vozmediano, J.M.; Sánchez‐Pérez, Javier; Silvestre, J.F.; Uter, Wolfgang; Giménez‐Arnau, Ana

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01865.x

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In favour of this interpretation is the simultaneous increase of nickel allergy in the U.S.A., a country without nickel regulation, and in China, a country where the nickel regulation is not always followed and where inspection control visits are scarce . Several previous studies investigating nickel allergy following regulation have consistently shown that prevalence is decreasing in young European women, while one study from Spain showed a similar prevalence in young and middle‐aged women to our results from Italy. The higher nickel allergy prevalences in Southern Europe may be explained by insufficient or delayed implementation of the nickel regulation, and by different patterns of referral for patch testing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.

et al. 2013

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.

et al. 2013

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“…The low frequency observed in Denmark is probably attributable to the longstanding nickel regulation established there, which has shown a marked beneficial effect before (9). Conversely, persistently high prevalences in other countries may indicate later implementation of the regulation, different fashion habits, or insufficient control of exposure (10–12). The partial beneficial effect of the EU nickel regulation has recently been reviewed (11); the very recent tightening of a ‘tolerance factor’ for the measurement of nickel release according to EN 1811 (13) is expected to contribute to a further reduction in nickel exposure and sensitization in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the ‘European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy’ network, 2007–2008

et al. 2012

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Background. The pattern of contact sensitization to the supposedly most important allergens assembled in the baseline series differs between countries, presumably at least partly because of exposure differences. Objectives. To describe the prevalence of contact sensitization to allergens tested in consecutive patients in the years 2007 and 2008, and to discuss possible differences. Methods. Data from the 39 departments in 11 European countries comprising the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy network (http://www.essca-dc.org) in this period have been pooled and analysed according to common standards. Results. Patch test results with the European baseline series, and country‐specific or department‐specific additions to it, obtained in 25 181 patients, showed marked international variation. Metals and fragrances are still the most frequent allergens across Europe. Some allergens tested nationally may be useful future additions to the European baseline series, for example methylisothiazolinone, whereas a few long‐term components of the European baseline series, namely primin and clioquinol, no longer warrant routine testing. Conclusions. The present analysis points to ‘excess’ prevalences of specific contact sensitization in some countries, although interpretation must be cautious if only few, and possibly specialized, centres are representing one country. A comparison as presented may help to target in‐depth research into possible causes of ‘excess’ exposure, and/or consideration of methodological issues, including modifications to the baseline series.

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“…17 Em Espanha, a prevalência de alergia ao Ni ronda os 25%, e é encarado como um problema de saúde pública. 18,19 Os resultados do nosso estudo confirmam que os metais são uma importante causa de DCA na nossa população, sobretudo a alergia ao Ni, afectando 26,5% dos doentes testados. A DCA causada pelo Ni pode ocorrer em contexto profissional (salões de cabeleireiro, restauração, metalúrgica, etc.…”

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Alergia de Contacto a Metais num Período de 20 Anos no Centro de Portugal: Implicações das Directivas Europeias

2014

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[Cr]) along the last 20 years, particularly considering age, sex and its relation with occupational activity. Results: Out of 5 250 consecutively patch-tested patients, 1 626 (31%) were reactive to at least one metal (26.5% to Ni; 10.0% to Co and 7.9% to Cr). Women had a higher prevalence of sensitization to Ni (34.4% vs 8.9%) whereas men were more reactive to Cr (11.5% vs 5.0%). Nickel sensitization did not decrease significantly over the years, although in recent years among women sensitized to nickel the percentage of younger patients (16-30 years-old) is significantly lower (p < 0.001). Chromium sensitization significantly decreased, particularly in men (r = -0.535), and mainly in the construction workers (r = -0.639). Chromium reactivity associated with the shoe dermatitis has remained stable. Discussion: We emphasize the higher and stable percentage of nickel sensitized individuals suggesting, so far, a low impact from the EU Ni directive, although a decreasing percentage in the the younger group among Ni sensitized women may suggest a beneficial effect is becoming evident is this age group. On the contrary, the impact of the directive regarding the modification of Cr in cement seems to be effective. There is now a need to regulate chromium content in leather products, namely in shoes. Conclusions:The regulation of interventional measures related either to the manufacture and trade of adornments or professional use will better protect the population of allergy to metals.

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Nickel allergy in Spain needs active intervention

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.

Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.

Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the ‘European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy’ network, 2007–2008

Alergia de Contacto a Metais num Período de 20 Anos no Centro de Portugal: Implicações das Directivas Europeias

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