Nickel allergy following European Union regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the U.K.

Abstract

There has been a reduction in the prevalence of nickel allergy in young women, contemporaneous with the introduction of the nickel regulation. A reduction is also suggested in men in Germany and the U.K. A causative effect of the regulatory intervention is the most likely explanation.

cis-Urocanic acid as a potential nickel(ii) binding molecule in the human skin

“…It is estimated that 10-15% of women in the general population is sensitive to nickel. 11 The mechanism of this 40 condition has not yet been fully elucidated. One of the important unexplored factors is the first step of delivering Ni(II) to the organism.…”

“…Concentrations of nickel can be estimated taking as the reference the maximum value, allowed by the European Union Nickel Directive (Directive 94/27/EC) for the release of 5 this metal from products intended to come into direct, prolonged contact with skin, being equal to 0.5 µg cm -2 per week. 11 Locally this concentration can probably easily reach a micromolar level in the stratum corneum, especially because some kinds of jewelry and coins release 100 times more nickel than allowed by the 10 Directive. 29,30 Taking the protonation constants and stability constants of Ni(II) complexes from the literature 26,31,32 and from this paper we calculated the distribution of Ni(II) species for above concentrations of ligands and of 1 µM nickel ions (Fig.…”

Assessment of Nickel and Cobalt Release From Jewelry From a Non–Nickel Directive Country

“…2 Previous studies showed that increasing cutaneous exposure to nickel caused increases in nickel allergy in Europe, the United States, and Asia. 6 This intervention has significantly decreased the number of products in Europe that release excessive amounts of nickel 7 and the prevalence of nickel allergy 8 ; however, the directive has not been implemented in the United States and in most Asian countries. 6 This intervention has significantly decreased the number of products in Europe that release excessive amounts of nickel 7 and the prevalence of nickel allergy 8 ; however, the directive has not been implemented in the United States and in most Asian countries.…”

Dermatite de Contacto Alérgica em Idade Pediátrica: Estudo Retrospectivo

“…com redução da sensibilização das gerações mais jovens. Com a aplicação ativa destas restrições nos países da Europa do Norte, verificou-se uma redução significativa da percentagem de indivíduos sensibilizados ao níquel na população normal 23 e uma redução dos casos de DCA ao níquel entre os jovens, diferenças de prevalência bem patentes em estudo recente na população geral > 18 anos entre os países do Norte (Suécia) e os países do Sul (Itália e Portugal) onde estas medidas têm sido menos reforçadas: 18,5% e 16,4% de alergia de contacto ao níquel respectivamente em Portugal e Itália e 8,3% na Suécia. 3 Contudo, não é só no nosso país que estas medidas não são ativa e completamente implementadas: recentemente na Alemanha verificou-se que uma percentagem não desprezível de brinquedos ou objetos de construção civil libertavam quantidades apreciáveis de níquel.…”