The transactivation domain (AD) of bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 stimulates gene expression and DNA replication. To identify cellular proteins that interact with this 215-amino-acid domain, we used a transactivation-defective mutant as bait in the yeast two-hybrid screen. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the cDNA of one plasmid isolated in this screen encodes a 37-kDa nuclear protein that specifically binds to an 82-amino-acid segment within the E2 AD. Mutants with point mutations within this E2 domain were isolated based on their inability to interact with AMF-1 and were found to be unable to stimulate transcription. These mutants also exhibited defects in viral DNA replication yet retained binding to the viral E1 replication initiator protein. Overexpression of AMF-1 stimulated transactivation by both wild-type E2 and a LexA fusion to the E2 AD, indicating that AMF-1 is a positive effector of the AD of E2. We conclude that interaction with AMF-1 is necessary for the transcriptional activation function of the E2 AD in mammalian cells.Components of the transcriptional apparatus that mediate the function of the transactivation domain (AD) of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) E2 have not been characterized. The E2 AD encompasses its N-terminal 215 amino acids, and the C-terminal 125 amino acids bind the DNA sequence ACCGN 4 CGGT. Separating the AD and the DNA binding domain (DBD) is a region of approximately 100 amino acids termed the hinge. In addition to the full-length 410-amino-acid E2 protein (E2TA), the C-terminal 248 amino acids encoded by the E2 open reading frame (ORF) constitute a species (E2TR) lacking most of the AD, which retains DNA binding and represses transcription by E2TA.Within the E2 AD are two regions of net negative charge (14), a motif common in viral and cellular transcriptional activators. Specific amino acids in these regions are essential for transcriptional activation, although the distal portion of the E2 AD (amino acids 100 to 215) is also required for activity in yeast and mammalian cells (14,20,23,28). Whereas other ADs have been shown to interact with the basal factors TATA binding protein (TBP) and TFIIB, these associations have been reported not for the E2 AD but rather for its C-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domain (34, 39). These Cterminal interactions are dispensable for the function of E2, since it was observed that chimeric E2 proteins in which the E2 DBD was replaced with the GAL4 or LexA DBD activate transcription in vivo (7, 46). E2 cooperatively stimulates transcription with several cellular transcription factors, including Sp1 (27) and USF and CTF (8,19,42). Of these factors, only Sp1 has been reported to physically interact with E2 (27).E2TA also cooperates with the papillomavirus E1 protein to initiate papillomavirus DNA replication. E1 is a site-specific DNA binding protein that can unwind DNA and associate with DNA polymerase (5,36,41,48). The viral origin of replication contains binding sites for both E1 and E2 proteins (43). Although BPV1 ...

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Conventional acne treatment presents several challenges such as intolerable side effects and antibiotic resistance. Dermocosmetic products may be used to reduce these unwanted effects. Dermocosmetics include skin cleansers, topical sebum-controllers, skin antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory agents, moisturizers, sunscreens, and camouflage products. Appropriate use of these products may help augment the benefit of acne treatment, minimize side effects, and reduce the need for topical antibiotics. In Asia, there is currently limited scientific data on the application and recommendations for dermocosmetic use in acne vulgaris (AV). This article reviews the evidence on dermocosmetics for AV and provides practice recommendations as discussed during the 4th Asia-Pacific Acne Leaders' Summit held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 7 and 8 February 2015. Through a premeeting survey, a series of plenary lectures, a stepwise program of discussion sessions, and Medline article review, the Expert Panel set forth relevant recommendations on the role of dermocosmetics as adjunct for treating AV in Asian patients.

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Background: Contact allergen prevalences often change. Continual surveillance is necessary to detect trends in sensitization rates and emerging allergens.Objective: To identify the prevalence of, and trends in, the positive reactions to each allergen in the baseline series during a 12-year period in Thailand. Methods: The medical records of 2803 patients who underwent patch testing at the Contact Dermatitis Clinic, Siriraj Hospital, between 2006 and 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. The baseline series used by the clinic was adapted from the European and the International baseline series. The patch testing results were subdivided into 2-year blocks in order to compare the prevalences of each allergen. Results: The prevalences of positive reactions to nickel, fragrance mixes I and II, dichromate, cobalt, carba mix, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, paraben mix, neomycin sulfate, methylisothiazolinone (MI), epoxy resin, N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine and the corticosteroids significantly decreased. Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/MI was the only allergen associated with a significant increase of positive reactions, from 2.4% to 10.7%. However, the proportion of positive reactions to MCI/MI decreased in the final 2-year period. Conclusions: Approximately half of the substances in the screening patch test series showed a decline in the number of positive reactions, whereas MCI/MI showed an increasing prevalence. Atopic family history, n (%) 985 (35.1) History of metal allergy, n (%) 1087 (38.8) History of cosmetic allergy, n (%) 397 (14.2) History of drug allergy, n (%) 488 (17.4) Positive for at least one allergen, n (%) 1850 (66.0) Of these: clinical relevance, n (%) 1226 (66.3) SUKAKUL ET AL. 125

Our study showed that ammoniated mercury is an emerging cosmetic allergen, showing an increased prevalence in recent years in Thailand. A focus is required on emerging cosmetic allergens and what may account for the upward trend of cosmetic contact dermatitis.

Excessive nickel release was frequent. This may contribute to the high prevalence of nickel allergy in both countries. Increased public education together with the adoption of a regulatory intervention in Thailand may be warranted. In China, enforcement of the 2002 Chinese National Standard GB 11887 may assist in reducing sensitization. These initiatives may eventually result in decreased morbidity among the Chinese and Thai citizens, but can potentially benefit recipient countries of these important earring producing countries.