Next Generation Laser-Based Standoff Spectroscopy Techniques for Mars Exploration

Gasda, P. J.; Acosta-Maeda, T. E.; Lucey, P. G.; Misra, A. K.; Sharma, Shiv K.; Taylor, G. J.

doi:10.1366/14-07483

Cited by 58 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…A pressed pellet of powdered gypsum sample was measured by SuperCam and by UH's Raman spectrometer. In the cross-calibration study, UH's remote Raman spectrometer, described previously (Gasda et al 2015), was radiometrically calibrated by a Labsphere calibrated lamp in a manner analogous to that utilized to calibrate SuperCam (Sect. 7.1.1).…”

Section: Detection Limits and Distance Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests

et al. 2020

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The SuperCam instrument suite provides the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, with a number of versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distance as well as within the robotic-arm workspace. These include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopies, and visible and infrared (VISIR; separately referred to as VIS and IR) reflectance spectroscopy. A remote micro-imager (RMI) provides high-resolution color context imaging, and a microphone can be used as a stand-alone tool for environmental studies or to determine physical properties of rocks and soils from shock waves of laser-produced plasmas. SuperCam is built in three parts: The mast unit (MU), consisting of the laser, telescope, RMI, IR spectrometer, and associated electronics, is described in a companion paper. The on-board calibration targets are described in another companion paper. Here we describe SuperCam’s body unit (BU) and testing of the integrated instrument.The BU, mounted inside the rover body, receives light from the MU via a 5.8 m optical fiber. The light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and is routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245–340 and 385–465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometers, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam. The third is a high-efficiency transmission spectrometer containing an optical intensifier capable of gating exposures to 100 ns or longer, with variable delay times relative to the laser pulse. This spectrometer covers 535–853 nm ($105\text{--}7070~\text{cm}^{-1}$ 105 – 7070 cm − 1 Raman shift relative to the 532 nm green laser beam) with $12~\text{cm}^{-1}$ 12 cm − 1 full-width at half-maximum peak resolution in the Raman fingerprint region. The BU electronics boards interface with the rover and control the instrument, returning data to the rover. Thermal systems maintain a warm temperature during cruise to Mars to avoid contamination on the optics, and cool the detectors during operations on Mars.Results obtained with the integrated instrument demonstrate its capabilities for LIBS, for which a library of 332 standards was developed. Examples of Raman and VISIR spectroscopy are shown, demonstrating clear mineral identification with both techniques. Luminescence spectra demonstrate the utility of having both spectral and temporal dimensions. Finally, RMI and microphone tests on the rover demonstrate the capabilities of these subsystems as well.

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Section: Detection Limits and Distance Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests

et al. 2020

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“…A field test of this system with a remote analysis probe was published as a meeting abstract [63]. The ChemCam LIBS system has proved useful and reliable in Mars exploratory mission since the Curiosity has landed the surface of Mars in year 2012 [64].…”

Section: Stand-off and Remote Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Induced Plasma and its Applications

Chaudhary¹,

Haider²,

Ali³

2016

Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions

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The laser irradiation have shown a range of applications from fabricating, melting, and evaporating nanoparticles to changing their shape, structure, size, and size distribution. Laser induced plasma has used for different diagnostic and technological applications as detection, thin film deposition, and elemental identification. The possible interferences of atomic or molecular species are used to specify organic, inorganic or biological materials which allows critical applications in defense (landmines, explosive, forensic (trace of explosive or organic materials), public health (toxic substances pharmaceutical products), or environment (organic wastes). Laser induced plasma for organic material potentially provide fast sensor systems for explosive trace and pathogen biological agent detection and analysis. The laser ablation process starts with electronic energy absorption (~fs) and ends at particle recondensation (~ms). Then, the ablation process can be governed by thermal, non-thermal processes or a combination of both. There are several types of models, i.e., thermal, mechanical, photophysical, photochemical and defect models, which describe the ablation process by one dominant mechanism only. Plasma ignition process includes bond breaking and plasma shielding during the laser pulse. Bond breaking mechanisms influence the quantity and form of energy (kinetic, ionization and excitation) that atoms and ions can acquire. Plasma expansion depends on the initial mass and energy in the plume. The process is governed by initial plasma properties (electron density, temperature, velocity) after the laser pulse and the expansion medium. During first microsecond after the laser pulse, plume expansion is adiabatic afterwards line radiation becomes the dominant mechanism of energy loss.

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“…Both Raman and infrared spectroscopies have been routinely used for chemical identifications under laboratory settings. Out of these two techniques, currently Raman spectroscopy has been actively being developed as a remote sensing technology, 2–36 employing high power pulsed lasers and sensitive time-gated detectors in the visible spectral region. Raman spectra can be obtained from all phases of matter, e.g., solid, liquid, or gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Raman Detection of Chemicals from 1752 m During Afternoon Daylight

et al. 2019

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The detection and identification of materials from a distance is highly desirable for applications where accessibility is limited or there are safety concerns. Raman spectroscopy can be performed remotely and provides a very high level of confidence in detection of chemicals through vibrational modes. However, the remote Raman detection of chemicals is challenging because of the very weak nature of Raman signals. Using a remote Raman system, we performed fast remote detection of various solid and liquid chemicals from 1752 m during afternoon hours on a sunny day in Hawaii. Remote Raman systems with kilometer target range could be useful for chemical detection of volcanic gases, methane clathrate icebergs or fire ice, toxic gas clouds and toxic waste, explosives, and hazardous chemicals. With this successful test, we demonstrate the feasibility of developing future mid-size remote Raman systems suitable for long range chemical detection using helicopters and light airplanes.

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Next Generation Laser-Based Standoff Spectroscopy Techniques for Mars Exploration

Cited by 58 publications

References 59 publications

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests

Laser-Induced Plasma and its Applications

Remote Raman Detection of Chemicals from 1752 m During Afternoon Daylight

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