Next-Generation Intelligent MXene-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors for Point-of-Care Cancer Diagnostics

Abstract

Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer. Recently, 2D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the early diagnosis of cancer. The high surface area, surface functional groups availability, and excellent electrical conductivity of MXene make it the 2D material of choice for the fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnostics. MXene-enabled electrochemical aptasensors have shown great promise for the detection of cancer biomarkers with a femtomolar limit of detection. Additionally, the stability, ease of synthesis, good reproducibility, and high specificity offered by MXene-enabled aptasensors hold promise to be the mainstream diagnostic approach. In this review, the design and fabrication of MXene-based electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers have been discussed. Besides, various synthetic processes and useful properties of MXenes which can be tuned and optimized easily and efficiently to fabricate sensitive biosensors have been elucidated. Further, futuristic sensing applications along with challenges will be deliberated herein.

MXenes as Emerging Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

“…MXenes have recently been used as multifunctional biological material for a variety of purposes, including fluorescence imaging [ 57 ], computed-tomography imaging, photo-acoustic imaging [ 181 ], photo-thermal therapy, as well as photo-dynamic therapy [ 182 , 183 ]. The X-ray, PL, and near-infrared (NIR) light adsorption capabilities of MXenes are based on their tunable quantum confinement, localized-surface-plasmon resonance, as well as edge.…”

MXene-modified molecularly imprinted polymers as an artificial bio-recognition platform for efficient electrochemical sensing: progress and perspectives

“…65 The remarkable chemical and physical properties of MXenes such as high surface area, superior electrical conductivity, enhanced functionality, tunable properties, and excellent ion-intercalation behaviors make them a promising material for electrochemical sensing. [66][67][68][69] Considering a 2D lamina of MXenes, the general formula for its structure is M n+1 X n T x where n + 1 layers of M(transition metals) are incorporated with n layers of X(C or N), and the functionalities at the surface like O, Cl, F, OH etc. bonded to the layers of M are represented by T x .…”

“…65 The remarkable chemical and physical properties of MXenes such as high surface area, superior electrical conductivity, enhanced functionality, tunable properties, and excellent ion-intercalation behaviors make them a promising material for electrochemical sensing. 66–69…”

3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID‐19 pandemic

“…Human organoids can be employed as accurate experimental platforms for studying SARS‐CoV‐2 infection mechanisms and as a potential tool for developing COVID‐19 therapeutics/vaccines Salahudeen et al, 2020). Deep insight and better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of infection is required to combat COVID‐19 in a specific way, and the 3D organoid can be used not only for the development of therapeutics (Parihar, Zafar, et al, 2022; Tindle et al, 2021) but also for the evaluation of specificity and sensitivity of COVID‐19 diagnostics (Parihar et al, 2020; Parihar, Singhal, et al, 2022; Singhal et al, 2022). 3D bioprinting can be used to create the most relevant preclinical models for successfully exploring and correctly understanding the pathophysiological aspects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and pinpointing potential therapeutic targets.…”