New trends in protection of plant breeder’s rights on the example of apple varieties: cultivars as trademarks, clubs and brands

Abstract

Variety studying and variety science Сортовивчення та сортознавство С Сортовивчення ортовивчення та сортознавство та сортознавство Âñòóï Ñòâîðåííÿ ñîðòó (êóëüòèâàðà) ïëîäîâèõ ðîñëèí, çîêðåìà ÿáëóí³, ïîòðåáóº áàãàòîð³÷-íî¿ ïðàö³ ç âêëàäàííÿì çíà÷íèõ ìàòåð³àëüíèõ ðåñóðñ³â. Öåé ïðîöåñ òðèâຠ15-20 ðîê³â (ñõðåùóâàííÿ, âèðîùóâàí íÿ ñ³ÿíö³â, ÿê³ ìàþòü òðèâàëèé þâåí³ëüíèé ïåð³îä, äîá³ð êðàùèõ ñ³ÿíö³â òà ¿õíº âèïðîáóâàííÿ). Äîäàòêîâî ùå 5-10 ðîê³â ìèíຠâ³ä ñòâîðåííÿ êîìåð-ö³éíèõ ñàä³â äî âèðîáíèöòâà äîñòàòíüî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ñàäîâèíè äëÿ ðèíêó. Çã³äíî ç ë³-öåíç³éíèìè óãîäàìè âëàñíèê ñîðòó îòðèìóº ðîÿëò³ çà êîaeíèé ïðîäàíèé ñàäaeàíåöü, àëå, ÿê ïîêàçóº ñâ³òîâèé äîñâ³ä, òàêà ñõåìà º ðèçèêîâàíîþ ÿê äëÿ âëàñíèê³â ñîðò³â, òàê ³ äëÿ âèðîáíèê³â ñàäîâèíè. Á³ëüøà ÷àñòèíà

Fruit Sector Strategic Management: An Exploration of Agro-food Chain Actors’ Perception of Market Sustainability of Apple Innovation

“…This consumer awareness pushed the industry to introduce and promote new apple varieties that are more appealing to consumers. A recent trend aims at introducing new apple varieties with brands and trademarks to create consumer awareness and trust [27][28][29]. These new varieties are selected by adopting a consumer-oriented approach based on consumers' appreciation of the novel and unique apple characteristics.…”

“…This allows to guarantee high product quality, regulate market supply, and develop targeted marketing strategies. Club varieties are therefore able to achieve higher market prices with higher profits for chain actors [28,[30][31][32][33][34].…”

“…Moreover, it would allow to fully value the RFA unique features, eventually leading to a premium price. The higher economic returns can be distributed among the chain actors, creating long-term sustainability of the apple chain actors and higher economic returns especially at the farming level, as for other club varieties [26][27][28]30,31,34,109].…”