New Sylvatic Hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and Their Reservoir Competence in the Humid Chaco of Argentina: A Longitudinal Study

Orozco, Marcela; Enriquez, Gustavo Fabián; Alvarado-Otegui, Julián A.; Cardinal, Marta Victoria; Schijman, Alejandro G.; Kitron, Uriel; Gürtler, Ricardo E.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0519

Cited by 53 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…armadillos), grassland and tropical forest insectivores and one of the most important burrow excavating mammal groups in tropical regions [4]. Interestingly, DTUIII was frequently reported only from Triatoma species, which share similar terrestrial habitats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe evolutionary history and ecological associations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the need to identify genetic markers that can distinguish parasite subpopulations, and understanding the parasite’s evolutionary and selective processes have been the subject of a significant number of publications since 1998, the year when the first DNA sequence analysis for the species was published.MethodsThe current analysis systematizes and re-analyzes this original research, focusing on critical methodological and analytical variables and results that have given rise to interpretations of putative patterns of genetic diversity and diversification of T. cruzi lineages, discrete typing units (DTUs), and populations, and their associations with hosts, vectors, and geographical distribution that have been interpreted as evidence for parasite subpopulation specificities.ResultsFew studies use hypothesis-driven or quantitative analysis for T. cruzi phylogeny (16/58 studies) or phylogeography (10/13). Among these, only one phylogenetic and five phylogeographic studies analyzed molecular markers directly from tissues (i.e. not from isolates). Analysis of T. cruzi DTU or lineage niche and its geographical projection demonstrate extensive sympatry among all clades across the continent and no significant niche differences among DTUs. DTU beta-diversity was high, indicating diverse host assemblages across regions, while host dissimilarity was principally due to host species turnover and to a much lesser degree to nestedness. DTU-host order specificities appear related to trophic or microenvironmental interactions.ConclusionsMore rigorous study designs and analyses will be required to discern evolutionary processes and the impact of landscape modification on population dynamics and risk for T. cruzi transmission to humans.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

et al. 2016

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“…However, we identified howler monkeys infected with different DTUs, as revealed by the SatDNA sequences. For instance, we recorded the occurrence of T. cruzi I in one monkey from IB (our “remote” site), consistent with the association of this DTU with the wild transmission cycle (Bernabé et al., 2000, Yeo et al., 2005, Orozco et al., 2013). We also found sequences from IB that shared 99–100% identity with those previously reported in DTUs II, V, and VI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys ( Alouatta caraya ) in northeastern Argentina

Martínez

Kowalewski

Salomón

et al. 2016

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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The transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by vectors is confined to the Americas, and the infection circulates in at least two broadly defined transmission cycles occurring in domestic and sylvatic habitats. This study sought to detect and characterize infection by T. cruzi and other trypanosomes using PCR strategies in blood samples from free-ranging howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya, in the northeastern Argentina. Blood samples were collected at four sites with variable levels of habitat modification by human activity. PCR was conducted using primers for kinetoplast DNA, satellite DNA and ribosomal DNA of the trypanosomatid parasites. Ribosomal and satellite DNA fragments were sequenced to identify the trypanosomatid species and to characterize the discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi. Overall, 46% (50/109) of the howlers were positive according to the kDNA-PCR assay, but only 7 of the howlers were positive according to the SatDNA-PCR protocol. We sequenced the amplicons of the satellite DNA obtained from five specimens, and the sequences were 99% and 100% similar to T. cruzi. A sequence typical of DTU T. cruzi I was found in one howler monkey from the “remote” site, while sequences compatible with DTUs II, V, and VI were found in howlers from the “remote”, “rural” and “village” sites. We detected 96% positive samples for RibDNA-PCR, 9 of which were sequenced and displayed 99% identity with Trypanosoma minasense, while none showed identity with T. cruzi. The results demonstrated the presence of T. cruzi and a species closely related to T. minasense in blood samples from free-ranging A. caraya, belonging to different T. cruzi DTUs circulating in these howler monkey populations. The results obtained in this study could help evaluate the role of A. caraya as a reservoir of T. cruzi in regions where Chagas disease is hyper-endemic and where the human-wildlife interface is increasing.

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“…However, the finding of 2 of 44 dogs infected with T. cruzi III 33 -a genotype entirely restricted to local armadillos 32,34 -combined with the widespread habit of feeding dogs with raw viscera and fresh blood suggest the occurrence of events of oral transmission from sylvatic sources. One of the dogs infected with T. cruzi III was a 3-month-old pup born in an uninfested house after the insecticide spraying campaign that was reportedly fed with blood or raw viscera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneities in the Ecoepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Rural Communities of the Argentinean Chaco

Cardinal¹,

Orozco²,

Enriquez³

et al. 2014

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Trypanosoma cruzi infection of Triatoma infestans as well as dogs and cats in 327 households from a well-defined rural area in northeastern Argentina to test whether the household distribution of infection differed between local ethnic groups (Tobas and Creoles) and identify risk factors for host infection. Overall prevalence of infection of bugs (27.2%; 95% confidence interval = 25.3-29.3%), dogs (26.0%; 95% confidence interval = 23.3-30.1%), and cats examined (28.7%; 95% confidence interval = 20.2-39.0%) was similar. A multimodel inference approach showed that infection in dogs was associated strongly with the intensity and duration of local exposure to infected bugs and moderately with household ethnic background. Overall, Toba households were at a substantially greater risk of infection than Creole households. The strong heterogeneities in the distribution of bug, dog, and cat infections at household, village, and ethnic group levels may be used for targeted vector and disease control.

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New Sylvatic Hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and Their Reservoir Competence in the Humid Chaco of Argentina: A Longitudinal Study

Cited by 53 publications

References 42 publications

Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages

Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys ( Alouatta caraya ) in northeastern Argentina

Heterogeneities in the Ecoepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Rural Communities of the Argentinean Chaco

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